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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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linked/unlinked chromosome
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linked=genes close together on same chromosome
unlinked=unlikely to be on the same chromosome |
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sex linked mutations
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found on X chromosome
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first amino acid in proteins
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AUG (start sequence)
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amino acids are brought to ribosomes attached to what
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tRNA
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what kind of bonds form between tRNA and mRNA
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hydrogen
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what causes translation to stop
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protein release factor
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histones
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tiny, bond to DNA, high evolutionary conservation
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# of genes in human genome
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25,000
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% of human genome represented by genes
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5
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heterochromatin
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areas of genome that remain compacted throughout cell cycle
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duplication and divergence
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new genes arise, pseudogenes made, gene families grow
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acetylation of histones
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chromatin becoming less compact
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how are genes expressed in correct cell type
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requires activator to bind to enhancer sequence in DNA near gene
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mitosis-cell production
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2 identical cells
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S phase
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DNA replicated
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kinetochore/spindle
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where chromosomes attach, kinetochore on spindle
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mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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cytokenesis
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cell divided in 2
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meiosis-chromosomes
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halves chromosomes
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aspect of meiosis not in mitosis
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homologous parts of non sister chromatids are exchanged
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ultimate source of variation
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mutation
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3:1 ratio
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controlled by single gene
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pleitropy
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one mutation has many effects
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Y chromosome-meiosis in males
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pairs up with X chromosome
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3 end of mRNA
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~200 A's
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shorter finished mRNA sequence-why?
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introns spliced out during transcription
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how viruses decide what to infect
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look for a cell with a protein on its membrane that matches it
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transposon
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piece of DNA that can move to new genomic locations
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TATA box
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found 25 bp 5 of the place where transcription begins
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bottleneck event result
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reduced genetic diversity
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aspects of oceanic stickleback
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ancestors of freshwater, living fossils, readily colonize fresh water habitats
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gene flow in pacific salmon
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very slow, most populations genetically distinct
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mussels around long island trade off
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salinity tolerance trades off for metabolic processes
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Darwin-what specifically evolves
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populations, not individuals
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haldane
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measure of the rate of evolution in a population
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genetic drift
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important cause of evolution in small populations
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founder effect
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type of genetic drift-small number of individuals from a population invade new habitat
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genetic drift in prairie chickens
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habitat reduced, smaller population sizes, reproductive behavior only allow small % of males to mate
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microevolution
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change between one generation and the next
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adaptive radiation
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diversification of populations of closely related species that is at least partially due to natural selection
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soapberry bugs
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selection in beak
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beer yeast study
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same beneficial mutations appeared in all populations
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cichild fish
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example of repeated sympatric speciation events
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postzygotic isolating mechanisms
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reduce hybrid fertility
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anagenesis
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one new species evolves gradually
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type of speciation in founder effect
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peripatric
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hydrogen bonds
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between H and an electronegative atom
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membranes
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2 layers of phospholipid
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peptide bonds
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formed between amino acids
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how are bases on opposite strands of DNA held together
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hydrogen bonding
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nucleotide consists of
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sugar, base, phosphate
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group at 3 end
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hydroxyl
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dehydration/monomers
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each monomer added to protein results in release of water molecule
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# of hydrogen bonds between G and C
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3
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proofreading DNA
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3 to 5 exonuclease corrects mistakes
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hydrolysis/monomers
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proteins breaking down, each monomer detached=added water molecule
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changes sunlight produces in DNA
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thymine dimers, covalent bonds between adjacent pyrimidines, block to DNA polymerase movement
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repair of thymine dimer
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2 nicks made in one strand, around 30 nucleotides (single stranded DNA) removed, ligase action last step
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black urine disease
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enzyme that should break it down is not present
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major difference between RNA and DNA
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presence of uracil in RNA
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how often DNA mistakes are made
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1 in 1,000,000,000 bp
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GT-AG rule
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GT at 5 end AG at 3 end...tells where to start/stop
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methyl-guanine cap
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mRNA has some extra sequences attached at 5 end
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DNA--RNA
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bubble of unwound DNA moves along gene, RNA binds at promoter, two strands separate slightly and bubble moves down DNA until hits stop
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RNA--proteins
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tRNA carries amino acids-each one carries specific one
ribosomes begin to scan from 5 prime end until it finds AUG, then tRNA comes in and binds ribosome moves toward 3 end bonds to stop codon, triggers release |
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nucleosome
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made of histones
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chromatin
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must be loosened before gene can be transcribed (adding acetyl)
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activators for transciption
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promoter (TATA box)-where polymerase will bind
distal control elements activator transcription factos |
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centrosome
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makes spindle-ropes that form a scaffolding along which chromosomes can move
spindles made of microtubules chromosomes attach to spindle with kinetochore |
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prophase
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begins to move apart-more tightly packed, gene expression stops
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metaphase
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nuclear envelope begins to break down, chromosomes released into cytoplasm
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anaphase
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sister chromatids begin to move to opposite poles
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telophase
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two cells formed
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diploid/haploid
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di=2
ha=1 |
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haplosufficient
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only need one wildtype copy
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chiasma
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crossing over between 2 genes, homologous parts exchanged
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