Bio Final

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Modern Synthesis

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A comprehensive theory of evolution emphasizing populations as units of evolution, using ideas from genetics, statistics, paleontology, taxonomy, and biogeography.

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Gene pool:

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The aggregate of the different forms of genes (alleles) in an entire population

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Microevolution

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small scale changes in allele frequencies brought about by mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.

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Balanced polymorphism

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ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population. When N.S. maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a pop. (heterozygote advantage)

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Macroevolution:

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Evolutionary change above the species level including appearance of major evolutionary changes like flight that we use to define higher taxa.

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Anagenesis

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: Gradual change from one species to another

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Cladogenesis

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Splitting of a gene pool into two or more separate gene pools, each giving rise to new species. Promotes diversity.

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Isolating mechanisms

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Pre zygotic: habitat, temporal, behavior, mechanical, gametic (sperm is transferred but egg is not fertilized gametes die or gametes are incompatible.)
Post zygotic: zygotic mortality- egg is fertilized, but embryo dies. Hybrid inviability- hybrid forms but shows low signs of fitness. Hybrid infertility- hybrid is sterile or partially so.

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Allopatric speciation

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: physical barrier prevents gene flow between populations, reproductive isolation mechanisms arise.

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Phylogeny

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The evolutionary history of a species

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Systematics

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analytical study of diversity and relationships of organisms.

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Taxonomy

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Field of bio concerned with classifying, naming, and identifying species. Binomial system is now used originally by Linneaus.

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Prosimians

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pre monkeys- lemurs, lorises, tarsiers

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Anthropoids

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monkeys, apes and humans

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Hominoids

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: apes and humans

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Homonids

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fossils that are homonids are those on the twig that branched of from the chimps and are more closely related to use than any living species. (Australopithecus and homo)

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Australopithecus

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split from great apes of Africa 5-7mya. Bipedal, 450cc brains.
Homo

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Sociobiology:

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: places social behavior in evolutionary context.

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Demography

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Study of factors that contribute to growth or decline of population. Study of vital statistics that impact population size. Birth and immigration, death and emigration.

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Life table

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Age specific summary of survival pattern of a population.

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Life Histories

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: the traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and survival make up its life history

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Symbiosis

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an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact.

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Biodiversity

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Biological diversity across all scales from genes to landscapes.

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natural selection

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ob. individual variation.
ob. overproduction and competition
inf. unequal reproductive success
inf. evolutionary adaptation

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evolution

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all the changes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today

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ecological succession

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transition in the species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community . the establishment of a biological community in an area virtually barren of life.