Bio Final

Front 1

postzygotic barriers

Back 1

operate if interspecies mating occurs
-reduced hybrid viability or fertility
-hybrid breakdown

Front 2

allopatric speciation

Back 2

species formed due to geographic isolation

Front 3

sympatric speciation

Back 3

species formed without geographic speciation
-accident during cell division that results in an extra set of chromosomes

Front 4

gradual speciation

Back 4

big changes occur by the steady accumulation of many small changes

Front 5

punctured equilibria

Back 5

long periods of little apparent change interrupted by relatively brief periods of rapid change

Front 6

exaptation

Back 6

a structure that evolves in one context but becomes adapted for another function
-bird wings

Front 7

evo-devo

Back 7

evolutionary developmental biology
the study of the evolution of development processes in multicellular organisms

Front 8

homeotic genes

Back 8

master control genes that regulate the rate, time, and spatial pattern of changes in an organism;s form as it develops from a zygote into an adult

Front 9

geological time scale

Back 9

divides earth's history into a consistent sequence of geological periods

Front 10

radiometric dating

Back 10

dating of fossils based on decay of radioactive isotopes

Front 11

systematics

Back 11

classify organisms and determine their evolutionary relationships

Front 12

taxonomy

Back 12

identification, naming, and classification of species

Front 13

Linnaeus

Back 13

responsible for current taxonomic system

Front 14

hierarchy of classification

Back 14

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Front 15

phylogenetic trees

Back 15

reflect hierarchical classifications of groups nested within more inclusive groups

Front 16

convergent evolution

Back 16

superficially similar structures from different evolutionary branches that result from natural selection shaping analogous adaptations

Front 17

analogy

Back 17

similarity due to convergence

Front 18

cladistics

Back 18

organisms are grouped by common ancestry
-based on Darwin's descent with modification

Front 19

clade

Back 19

ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants

Front 20

three-domain system

Back 20

two domains of prokaryotes
-Bacteria
-Archaea
one domain of eukaryotes
-Eukarya

Front 21

prokaryotes

Back 21

3.5 B years old
lack membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles
typically have cell walls
very diverse

Front 22

eukaryotes

Back 22

2.1 B years old
evolved by the infolding of the plasma membrane of a prokaryote and endosymbiosis (species living inside another)

Front 23

multicellular eukaryotes

Back 23

1.2 B years old

Front 24

biogenesis

Back 24

life arising by the reproduction of preexisting life

Front 25

four-stage hypothesis for the origin of life

Back 25

1. abiotic synthesis of organic monomers
2. abiotic synthesis of polymers
3. formation of pre-cells
4. origin of self-replicating molecules

Front 26

ribozyme

Back 26

ribosome that can act as an enzyme

Front 27

protists

Back 27

eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants

Front 28

algae

Back 28

protist
autotroph (produces own food)

Front 29

parasite

Back 29

protist
derives nutrition from living host

Front 30

amoebas

Back 30

very flexible protists

Front 31

pseudopodia

Back 31

temporary extensions of cell of amoebas that allow them to move and feed

Front 32

ciliates

Back 32

protozoans (protists that live by ingesting food)
use cilia and are free-living

Front 33

plankton

Back 33

communities that drift or swim weakly
-made of many unicellular algae

Front 34

seaweed

Back 34

large multicellular marine algae
-only similar to plants because of convergent evolution

Front 35

colonial protists

Back 35

link between unicellular and multicellular organisms

Front 36

biotechnology

Back 36

manipulation of organisms to make useful products

Front 37

DNA technology

Back 37

studying and manipulating genetic material, modifying genes, and moving genes between organisms

Front 38

recombinant DNA

Back 38

constructed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule

Front 39

charophytes

Back 39

modern-day lineage of green algae and may resemble early plant ancestors

Front 40

bryophytes

Back 40

nonvascular plant without lignified walls, true roots, or true leaves
-mosses

Front 41

ferns

Back 41

vascular plant that came after bryophytes

Front 42

gymnosperms

Back 42

came after ferns and evolved with seeds

Front 43

angiosperms

Back 43

evolved from gymnosperms with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds
-great majority of living plants including fruits, veggies, trees, and grasses

Front 44

Cambrian explosion

Back 44

animal diversification that took place in an evolutionary small time span and created tons of new animals

Front 45

radial symmetry

Back 45

animals that are identical all around a central axis

Front 46

bilateral symmetry

Back 46

there is only one way to split the animal into equal halves

Front 47

invertebrates

Back 47

animals without backbones
represent 95% of animal kingdom

Front 48

sponges

Back 48

stationary animals that lack true tissues and probably evolved from colonial protists

Front 49

cnidarians

Back 49

have body tissues and radial symmetry

Front 50

molluscs

Back 50

soft-bodies animals that have a hard shell

Front 51

gastropods

Back 51

molluscs that include snails

Front 52

bivalves

Back 52

molluscs that include clams

Front 53

cephalpods

Back 53

molluscs that include squids and octopus

Front 54

flatworms

Back 54

simplest bilateral animals
-have forms that are parasites or free-living in damp habitats

Front 55

annelids

Back 55

have body segmentation (subdivision of body along its length into a series of repeated parts)
-earthworms
-leeches
bodies have complete digestive tracts

Front 56

roundworms

Back 56

most numerous and widespread of all animals
-important decomposers
-dangerous parasites in plants and animals

Front 57

arthropods

Back 57

named for joint appendages that are efficient division of labor among body regions
-arachnids
-crustaceans
-millipedes and centipedes
-insects
completely covered in exoskeleton

Front 58

arachnids

Back 58

live on land and have four pairs of walking legs
-spiders

Front 59

crustaceans

Back 59

nearly all aquatics
-lobsters, shrimp, crab

Front 60

millipedes

Back 60

eat decaying pant matter and have two pairs of short legs per body segment

Front 61

centipede

Back 61

terrestrial carnivores with poison claws and one pair of short legs per body segment

Front 62

insects

Back 62

have three-part body with head, thorax, and abdomen
flight is a key to success
outnumber all other forms of life combined and live everywhere
many insects undergo metamorphosis

Front 63

echinoderms

Back 63

lack body segments and have an endoskeleton
-show radial symmetry as adults but bilateral symmetry as larvae
-starfish, sand dollars, sea urchin

Front 64

vertebrates

Back 64

have unique endoskeletons composed of a skull and a backbone

Front 65

chordates

Back 65

have nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail
body segmentation apparent in backbone
have three groups of invertebrates and the rest are al vertebrates
-lancelets, tunicates, hagfishes

Front 66

cartilaginous fish

Back 66

sharks and rays that have flexible skeleton made of cartilage

Front 67

bony fishes

Back 67

have skeleton reinforced with hard calcium salts
-ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish

Front 68

amphibians

Back 68

mixture of aquatic and terrestrial adaptations
usually need water to reproduce
first vertebrates to colonize land
descended from lobe-finned fish

Front 69

tetrapods

Back 69

terrestrial vertebrates
-amphibians
-reptiles
-birds
-mammals

Front 70

amniotes

Back 70

produce amniotic egg
-fluid-filled and enclose the developing embyro
-reptiles, birds, mammals

Front 71

ectotherms

Back 71

nonbird reptiles
obtain body heat from the environment

Front 72

birds

Back 72

evolved from small, two-legged dinosaurs
have beaks instead of teeth
are endotherms, maintaining a warmer and steady body temp

Front 73

mammals

Back 73

first were small, nocturnal insect-eaters
have hair and mammary glands that produce milk

Front 74

monotreme

Back 74

egg-laying mammal

Front 75

marsupial

Back 75

pouched mammal with a placenta

Front 76

eutherians

Back 76

placental mammals

Front 77

primates

Back 77

evolved from insect-eating mammals
humans and chimps have shared a common African ancestry
our ancestors were not chimps or any other apes

Front 78

humans

Back 78

bipedal with very large brains

Front 79

homo habilis

Back 79

"handy-man"
walked upright and had a larger brain than other apes
made stone tools

Front 80

homo erectus

Back 80

first species to extend humanity's range to other continents
had larger brain and body

Front 81

homo sapiens

Back 81

discovered in ethiopia and dated 160 years ago at earliest

Front 82

genetic engineering

Back 82

direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Front 83

genetically modified organisms

Back 83

organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means

Front 84

transgenic organism

Back 84

contains a gene from another organism

Front 85

plasmids

Back 85

small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome
-can carry almost any gene

Front 86

vectors

Back 86

DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another

Front 87

gene cloning

Back 87

production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA

Front 88

DNA ligase

Back 88

connects DNA pieces with "sticky ends" into continuous strands by forming bonds between adjacent nucleotides

Front 89

genomic library

Back 89

complete set of organism's genes

Front 90

polymerase chain reactions

Back 90

technique to copy a segment of DNA quickly and precisely

Front 91

whole-genome shotgun method

Back 91

entire genome is chopped into fragments, cloned and sequenced, and reassembled

Front 92

Lamarck

Back 92

proposed that an individual may develop traits that it passes on to its offspring

Front 93

Lyell

Back 93

earth is old and was sculpted over time

Front 94

biogeography

Back 94

study of geographic distribution of species

Front 95

comparative anatomy

Back 95

comparison of bod structure between species

Front 96

homology

Back 96

similarity in structures due to common ancestry

Front 97

prezygotic barriers

Back 97

prevent mating or fertilization between species
-isolation of some kind