Bio Final

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macromolecules

Back 1

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

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polymer

Back 2

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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monomers

Back 3

small building-block molecules, what a polymer consist of

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dehydration reaction

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two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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Enzyme

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macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process, is a type of protein and acts as a catalyst

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hdrolysis

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is the change of polymers to monomers, the revers of dehydration reaction

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carbohydrates

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sugars and the polymers of sugar

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polysaccharides

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carbohydrate macromolecules, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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Monosaccharides

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molecular formulas that are a multiple of CH2O, most common is glucose C6H12O2, serve as major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules

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disaccharides

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formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

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glycosidic linkage

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the covalent bond of two monosaccharides is called

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Polysaccarides

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polymers of sugar, have storage and structral roles

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storage polysaccharides

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plants consist entirely of starch, animals store glycogen mainly in their liver and muscle cells

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structural polysaccharides

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both of these are examples of what? cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells, and chitin which is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

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lipids

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the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers, hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which form nonpolar covalent bonds

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fats, phospholipids, steroids

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most biologically important lipids are

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fats

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constructed of glycerol and fatty acid, hydrophobic

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triaglycerol

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three fatty acids joined to glycerol by an ester linkage

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saturated fatty acids

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have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds, solid at room temperature

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unsaturated fatty acids

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have one or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature

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phospholipid

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two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, when added to water they form bilayer, major component of all cell membranes

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steroid

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lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, an example is cholesterol found in animal cell membranes

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catalyst

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speed up chemical reaction

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polypeptide

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polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

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protein

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consists of one or more polypeptides, sequence of amino acids determines its three dimensional structure, and structure determines function

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amino acids

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organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups, they differ in their properties because of differing side chains called R groups, are linked by peptide bonds

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primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary

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4 levels of protein structure

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primary structure of a protein

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structure is a unique sequence of amino acids, determined by inherited genetic information

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secondary structure of a protein

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structure consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain, result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

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tertiary structure of a protein

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structure is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups),

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quaternary structure of a protein

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structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains, results when two or more polypeptide chain form one macromolecule

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sickle-cell disease

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inherited blood disorder results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin, valine is substitute for glutamic acid

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denaturation

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loss of a proteins native structure, biologically inactive

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chaperonins

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protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

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DNA, RNA

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two types of nucleic acid

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polynucleotides

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nucleic acids are polymers called

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nucleotides

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each polynucleotide is made of monomers called

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pyrimidines

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(cytosine, thymine, and uracil) have a single six-membered ring

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purines

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(adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five membered rung

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phosphodiester linkage

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adjacent nucleotides are joined by this, which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugar of two molecules