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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gamete
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sex cell, usually haploid
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zygote
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fertilized cell, usually diploid
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chromatin
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all the DNA in a nucleus
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gene
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a protein recipe - made of DNA
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chromosome
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1 piece of double-stranded DNA
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chromatid
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one strand of a pair of recently copied strands of DNA - paired with a 'sister chromatid'
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centromere
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joins a pair of chromatids at a point on the strand
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homologous pair of chromosomes
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a pair of chromosomes that have the same set of genes on them
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diploid
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having pairs of chromosomes
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haploid
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having single strands of chromosomes
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autosome
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a chromosome that is not the sex chromosome
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sex chromosome
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has the male or female traits - known as the X and Y chromosomes
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karyotype
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an image giving the structure of all chromosomes during metaphase; helps diagnose genetic problems
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cell cycle
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describes the different phases of life of a cell:
M, G1, S, G2 |
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interphase
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describes G1, S, G2 in the cell cycle
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G1 phase
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cell growth - cell spends most of its time in this phase
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S phase
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genetic material duplicates during this phase
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G2
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cell prepares to divide
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mitosis
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process by which an exact copy of a cell is made
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phases of mitosis
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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cytokinesis
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process by which cytoplasm is divided into 2 just before mitosis is completed
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3 checkpoints of cell cycle
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G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint M checkpoint (metaphase) |
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cancer
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caused by uncontrolled cell growth
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benign tumor
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an abnormal mass of essentially normal cells
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malignant tumor
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masses of cells that result from the reproduction of cancer cells
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metastasis
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spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
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spindles
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a football shaped framework of microtubules that guide chromosomes' movements
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centrioles
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the organization center of the spindle structures
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cell plate
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a disk containing cell wall material - forms insided the cell and grows outward
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meisosis
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the type of cell division hat produces 4 cells - each of which is a gamete (haploid)
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phases of meiosis
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PMAT I & II
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
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crossing over
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the exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes in meiosis
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independent assortment
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chromosomes randomly chosing which gamete they would go to
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gametogenesis
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the making of new gametes through meiosis
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spermatogenesis
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the making of new sperm
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Oogenesis
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the making of new eggs
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Sperm
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a type of gamete found in a male that has X or Y chromosomes, a sex cell
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Ovum
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a type of gamete in a female that has only X chromosomes, a sex cell
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asexual reproduction
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the process of (one cell becoming two cells) a cell duplicating itself
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sexual reproduction
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two parent cells try to combine to make an offspring that contains some of genes from each
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binary fission
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the process of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes cells in which the DNA duplicates and the cell splits
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Parthenogenesis
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Production of offspring by female animals from unfertilized ova having the same chromosome number (haploid or diploid) as the parent
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fragmentation
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Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where an organism is split into fragments either intentionally or not. Each of these fragments develops into a mature, fully grown new organism and if the organism is split any further the process is repeated
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Vegetative propagation
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the offspring/clone has the identical genetics (cactus, drops stems that develp roots and become new plants)
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Budding
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a form of asexual reproduction where a bud or outgrowth from the end or side of the parent cell emerges and develops into a new organism
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Disjunction
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separation of homologous chromosomes (or sister chromatids) during anaphase
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Non-disjunction
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when a chromosome pair fails to separate correctly during cell division, resulting in daughter cells which have missing or extra chromosomes
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Chromosomal mutations
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when there is a change with the DNA sequence within a chromosome
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Deletion
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when a fragment of a chromosome is lost
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Duplication
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when a part of a chromosome is repeated
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Inversion
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the reversing of a fragment of the original chromosome
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Translocation
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a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
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Trait
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a variation of a particular character
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