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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deoxyribose
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A phosphate group
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adenine, guanin, cytosine, thymine
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base pairs
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replication fork
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where the two chains separate during replication
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme that binds to chains to create more nucleotides
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mutation
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change in the nucleotide sequence
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mRNA
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consists of rna nucleotides, single uncoiled chain, carries info from nucleus to cytosol
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tRNA
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single chain of 80 RNA nucleotides, hairpin shape, binds to specific amino acids, 45 varieties
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rRNA
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globular form, makes up ribosomes where protins are made
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transcription
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process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA
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RNA polymerase
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primary transcription enzyme
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promoters
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specific areas of DNA that RNA polymerase binds to
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protien synthesis
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production of proties by the three types of RNA
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genetic code
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correlation between nucleotide sequence and an amino-acid sequence
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start codon
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AUG
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stop codon
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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translation
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process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA
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X-linked genes/Y-linked genes
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genes found on the X or Y chormosome
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sex linkage
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the presence of a gene on a sex chromosome
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linkage group
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the genes found on the same chromosome
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chromosome map
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a diagram that shows the linear sequence of genes on a chromosome
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map unit
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when two genes are separated by crossing-over 1 percent of the time
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point mutation
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the addition, subtraction or romoval of a single nucleotide
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sickle-cell anemia
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caused by point-mutation that subsitutes adenine for thymine in a single DNA codon
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frame shift mutation
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when the addition or deletion of a single nucleotide causes the remaining nucleotide to be incorrectly grouped
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Huntington's disease
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caused by a dominant allele located on an autosome=> autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. eventually causes death
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genetic marker
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short section of DNA known to have a close association with a particular gene nearby
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recessive, X-linked diseases
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colorblindness, hemophelia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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downs's syndrome
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extra chromosome 21
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amniocytosis, chronic villi sampling
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ways for physicians to test the health of a fetus
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phenylketonuria/ PKU
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genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, causes severe brain damage
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aquired trait
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one that is not determined by genes
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population
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interbreeding single-species group
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uniformitarianism
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the geological structure of Earth resulted from cycles of observable processes which operate continuously through time
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fitness
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how well-adapted and able to reproduce an animal is in it's environment
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taxonomy
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branch of biology that names and groups organisma according to their characteristics and evolutionary history
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levels of classification
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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species name
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genus, species identifier
(binomial nomanclature) |
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phylogeny
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evolutionary history
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kingdom archarbacteria
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unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive cell membranes
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kingdom eubacteria
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unicellular prokaryotes
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kingdom protista
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eukaryotic, mostly single-celled organisms
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kingdom fungi
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heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms
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kingdom plantae
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multicellular plants
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kindom animalia
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eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic organisms
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domains
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3 domains:
domain archaea: kingdom archaebacteria domain bacteria: kingdom eubacteria domain eukarya: all other kingdoms |
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protozoa
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single-celled microscopic organisms, noted for their ability to move independently
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zoo plankton
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population of organisms that constitutes oone of the primary sources of of energy in aquatic ecosytems
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multiple fission
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form of cell division that results in a number of identical individuals
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conjugation
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individuals from opposite mating strains pair and exchange genetic material. more complex in protozoa than in bacteria
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sarcodina
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sarcodines, pseudopodia, heterotrophis; some parasitic, Amoeba, Radiolaria, Naegleria
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ciliophora
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ciliates, cilia, heterotrophic; some parasitic, Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Balantidium
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Zoomastigina
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zooflagellates, flagella, heterotrophic; some parasitic, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichonympha
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Sporozoa
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sporozoans, no locomotion, heterotrophic; some parasitic, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma
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cytoplasmic streaming
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internal flowing of a cell's cytoplasm
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test
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shell
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foraminifera
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ancient group of shelled sarcodines found primarily in the ocean
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radiolarians
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among oldest known group of sarcodines, live in shallow, open water
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amebic dysentery
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caused by Entamoeba histolytica
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pellicle
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a clear elastic layer of protien that surrounds the cell membrane
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macronucleus
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contains multiple copies of DNA and is responsible for metabolic and developmental functions
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micronucleus
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participates in the exchange of genetic material between individuals during conjugation
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trypanosomiasis
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sleeping sickness transferred by the tsetse fly in africa
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Chagas' disease
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transferred by "kissing bug", causes fever and severe heart damage
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giardiasis
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caused by giardia lamblia, causes severe diarrhea and intestinal cramps
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toxoplasmosis
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caused by toxoplasma gondii, harmful for infants or fetus'
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malaria
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caused by plasmodium, causes severe chills, fever, sweating, fatigue and great thirst, can be transferred by sporozoites, erozoites or gametocytes
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