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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis Definition |
Homeostasis is the act of keeping a total internal balance. Three important aspects are thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and waste management |
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Understand Positive and Negative Feedback Loops |
Negative feedback loops work to maintain homeostasis by responding to the stimuli and giving a response that reverses the effect the stimuli had on the body. Positive feedback loops work to bring the body away from homeostasis by responding to the stimuli and giving a response that aids it. There are only two positive feedback loops--blood clotting and giving birth. |
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Describe The Main Three Homeostatic Responses in the Body |
Thermoregulation--the act of balancing the body's internal temperature Osmoregulation--the act of balancing the amount of water in the body Waste Management--the act of removing waste from the body |
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Components of Modern Cell Theory |
1) All living things are made of one or more cells 2)All living cells came from previous cells 3)The cell is the fundamental structure of life 4)Activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells 5)Cells use energy 6)Cells contain DNA and RNA 7)All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species |
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How Can You Prove Something Is Alive? |
1)It is made of one or more cells 2)It takes in substances and excretes waste 3)Movement 4)Maintains Homeostasis 5)Respondes to external stimuli/adapts to its environment 6)Reproduces 7) Grows |
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Understand the Concepts of Osmosis, Diffusion, and Active Transport |
Osmosis--diffusion of water from a high to low gradient through a semi-permiable membrane Diffusion--the moving of a substance from a high to low gradient Active Transport--the moving of a substance from a low to high gradient, which requires energy |
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Describe the Transport of Substances In and Out of the Cell |
Substances through the cell membrane, made of a phospholipid bi-layer. Non-charges ions and water can go in easily, while macromolecules and charged ions cannot |
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Role of Energy (ATP) in Maintaining Homeostasis |
An important part of homeostasis is the sodium-potassium pump. The pump is powered by the breakdown of ATP. The body also uses ATP to keep our functions in order. |
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Active Transport Vs. Passive Transport |
Active transport uses energy because it goes against the gradient. Passive needs no energy as it goes along the gradient. Examples of passive transport include osmosis and diffusion. Examples of active transport include the sodium-potassium pump. |
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Descrive Mechanical and Chemical Digestion and the Sites Where They Take Place |
Chemical digestion is when we use enzymes to break down down our food. Amylase is in the mouth, while pepsin and lipase are in the stomach. Mechanical digestion is when we physically breakdown our food. We use our teeth and though and the muscles of out stomach. |
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List the Main Enzymes and their Site of Action, Nutrient, and End Product |
Lipase--Stomach--Lipids--Fatty Acids Pepsin--Stomach--Proteins--Amino Acids Amylase--Mouth--Starch--Glucose |
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Process of Absorption |
many nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. The small intestine is used for this because of its villi and microvilli--which increase surface area and allow for more nutrients to be absorbed. |
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State the Function of Each Part of the Digestive System |
Salivary Glands--to produce amylase Teeth+Tongue--to physically breakdown food Esophagus--to take food to stomach Stomach--to breakdown food into chyme Liver--to filter out toxins and make bile Pancreas--to make insulin Gallbladder--to store bile Small Intestine--to absorb nutrients Large Intestine--to absorb water |
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Basic Nutrients and Where to Find Them |
Starch--Breads Proteins--Meats Lipids--Butter + Fatty foods |
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Components of the Blood |
Blood is made out of plasma (water and salts), red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
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Blood Types and Donation Compatibility |
A--Give To: A, AB A--Receive: A, O B--Give To: B, AB B--Receive: B, O AB--Give To: AB AB--Receive: A, B, AB, O O--Give To: A, B, AB, O O--Receive: O |
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Structure and Functions of Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins |
Arteries--take oxygenated blood from the heart to the body, heavily muscled middle layer Capillaries--only one cell thick, used to exchange substances and waste Veins--tale deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart, has a valve that makes sure that the blood flows in one direction |
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Blood Pressure |
Blood pressure is measured by using the formula systolic (contracting) over diastolic (resting) |
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Describe the Cardiac Cycle |
The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat, and so includes the diastole, the systole, and the intervening pause. The frequency of the cardiac cycle is described by the heart rate, which is typically expressed as beats per minute.
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Controls of the Heartbeat |
The heartbeat is initiated by the SA Node,which causes the atria to contract, then goes to the AV Node, which slows down the impulse to allow the atria to contract, then travels to the Bundle of His and the Purkinje Fibres, which force the ventricles to contract. |
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Diseases of The Circulatory System |
Hypertension Heart Disease--caused by hypertension (high blood pressure) Rheumatic Heart Disease--caused by one or more attacks of rheumatic fever, which effect the heart valves Ischemic Heart Disease--caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries and decreased blood supply to the heart |
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Describe the Path Blood Takes In the Heart and Body |
the body--inferior and superior vena cava--right atrium--tricuspid valve--right ventricle--pulmonary valve--pulmonary arteries--lungs--pulmonary veins--left atrium--bicuspid/mitral valve--left ventricle--aortic valve--aorta--the body |
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Distinguish Between Cellular Respiration, Internal Respiration, and External Respiration |
Cellular Respiration--the act of taking in substances and getting rid of waste at a cellular level Internal Respiration--the act of exchange waste and substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide through capillaries External Respiration--the act of breathing and taking in oxygen through the lungs |
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Organs of the Excretory System and the Waste Products They Deal With |
Kidneys-- urea Lungs-- carbon dioxide and water vapour Skin-- salts, water, trace amounts of urea Large Intestine-- solid waste |
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Describe the Steps to Urine Formation |
Ammonia is converted into urea, which in blood to the kidneys. The blood is filtered and urea, salts, and excess water are excreted out of the kidneys, to the ureters, to the bladder, to the urethra, where it is excreted as urine |
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Trace the Path of Blood In and Out of the Kidney |
Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery, then further in through arterioles, and it provides blood to the nephron. Urea, salts, and excess water filter in, while red blood cells and plasma are too big to get into the nephron. The blood then exits the kidney through the renal veins. |
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Describe the Make-Up of the Glomerulus Filtrate |
Glomerulus filtrate is composed of water, salts, urea, glucose, and potassium ions |
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Where Does the Majority of Reabsorption Occur, and What Types of Products are Reabsorbed? |
Reabsorption occurs in the Proximal Convoluted Tube. Substances such as water, glucose, and potassium ions are reabsorbed, as those are useful. |
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Explain How the Kidneys Contribute to Homeostasis |
The kidneys aid homeostasis by helping filter out toxins in our body, and also helping with the water-salt balance and the acid-PH balance. |
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Specific and Non-Specific Defences |
Non-specific defences are the first to act, because they stop anything from getting in the body in the first place (skin, mucous), or they eat everything in sight to prevent injury (phagocytes). Specific defences are called in when barrios have failed, and they are usually white blood cells (especially memory cells) |
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First, Second, and Third Line of Defence |
First Defence--skin, mucous Second Defence--phagocytes Third Defence--white blood cells |
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Inflammatory Process in the Body |
Inflammation occurs when an invader had breached our lines of defence and injured tissues. The damaged cells release histamine, which attract while blood cells to the area, and causes swelling, which slows the invaders from reaching other parts of the body. Phagocytes will come and eat invaders and dead/damaged cells. |
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Passive Immunity Vs. Active Immunity |
Active immunity is when you get sick and your body makes memory cells of that particular sickness, and when it come again, your body will recognize it as bad and attack it right away. Passive Immunity is when you have antibodies from another person. For example, an infant will have antibodies from its mother |
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Types of Neurons |
Sensory Neurons--take messages from our body and send them toward our brain Motor Neurons--get messages from our brain and respond by moving our muscles Inter or Associative Neurons--take messages from sensory neurones to the brain, then take messages from the brain to motor neurones |
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Breakdown of the Nervous System Organization |
Central Nervous System--composed of the brain and spinal cord, which act as the nervous system command centre Peripheral Nervous System--composed of the nerves, which send messages to the CNS, get an order, and then carry it out Sympathetic--responds in situations of stress;controls the flight or fight response Parasympathetic--controls homeostasis and the body at rest |
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Description of a Reflex Arc |
A reflex arc is an action done without thinking about it. For example, if you place your hand on a burning hot surface, sensory neurones with send a message to move the hand. Instead of going to the brain and then the spinal cord, it just goes to the spinal cord, which sends a message to move the hand. Then a message is sent to the brain later to tell it what we've done. |
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Nerve Impulse Transmission |
An impulse will travel along the axon by electrically reversing the charge of the part its travelling along. An axon is positive on the outside and negative on the inside, except when an impulse passes through. When it gets to the end, neurotransmitters at the synapse travel to the next neuron chemically through neurotransmitters. The whole process is electrochemical. |
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Parts of the Brain and What They Do |
Medulla Oblongata--connects brain to spinal cord, and involuntary movements Cerebellum--coordinates muscle activity Midbrain--contains relays for balance, vision, and healing Thalamus--receives info. and sends it to the cerebrum Hypothalamus--Reflex center for internal organ and controls homeostasis Cerebrum--biggest, important in memory and judgement |
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Lobes of the Brain and What They Do |
Frontal Lobe--controls motor activity Parietal Lobe--controls sensory activity Temporal Lobe--controls hearing, taste, and smell Occipital Lobe--controls vision |
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Describe the Function of Lymphocytes in the Fighting of Pathogens. |
There are two types of lymphocytes, B and T. B lymphocytes are like the bodies version of an intelligence system. They identify and send out defences against invaders. T lymphocytes are the soldiers, fighting against invaders once the B's identify them. |
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What Type of Neuron is Exclusively in the CNS? |
Inter or associative neurones are only found in the CNS. They take messages to the brain from sensory neurons, and take messages from the brain to motor neurons. |
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Is There Anything That Can Disrupt the Movement of a Neurotransmitter? |
Drugs and alcohol can effect neurotransmitters as they don't allow the time for enzymes to clean up the excess, so the nerve is constantly firing . |
