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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 tyoes of tissue |
Muscle, nervous,epithelial(skin),conective(cartilage bone and blood) |
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Functional trade off Resource trafe off Intersitual fluid |
Specialization limits functions but allows for more precise/easier usage Ex. Need to eat more food when pregant Fluid around all cells that dows does exchange between systemss |
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Homeostasis relies on |
Negative feedback( a control mechanism thats acts in oposite to a stimulus Positve feedback (not homestasis) reenforces a stimulus |
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Model organisn |
An organism easy to study with representatife functions ex.sea urchunt, Fly and human genes |
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Explain steps of sperm fertilization and sperm attraction to egg (Jelly coat,acrosomal process,corticol reaction, polysperming)7 What does egg contain and sperm |
@Jelly coat on egg imits molecules that atract sperm cells @Sperm fuses to egg, splits cortical granule of hydrolytric enzyme, this makes a hole in jelly coat @Acrosomal process=actin filaments attach sperm to receptor,ligans for binding then apear to bind sperm @sperm and egg fuse to transfer nucleous @triggers corticol reaction,(all granules release contents to lift midline envelope now called fertilization memebrane @thus break sperm receptors to prevent polyspermimg @once sperm and egg fuse it causes depolarization for a feuw seconds that stops polysperming before corticol reaction can permanantly stop it Egg contains all byt nucleous that sperm has |
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After cleavage what happens in a zygote? What are the cells called now |
Rapid cell division with little cell grows,(skips G1 and G2) these cells are called blastomers |
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Every cell in a multicellular organsim contains identical genomes. How do cells with the same genome become diferent cells?what isit called and what are the two signaling types |
Diferential gene expresion @depends on location,and stage of development @cytoplasmic determinants, signals within cell,depends only on signals not locatiom or stage @inductive signaling, signals come crom outside cell, depends on location and stage |
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Morphogenesis Gastrulation basuc explaination 3germ layers Organogenesis |
@Rearangment of cells in embryo @Stage when 3 germ layers are established,and basic body plan @ectoderm(outside),mesoderm,endoderm(inside) @formation of organs ex.nerelation(spinal cord) |
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Gastulation details 3 Blastula |
Cells in vegetal pole(bottom) push inwards to form.meso and endoderm @outder cells also rool inwards and form Archenteron(hollow spot, futur gut) the hole these cells roll in from is the blastopore and will be the anus @cells at animal pole(top) become ectoderm and cover the outside of cell, as this happens blastocoel fills in mostly @Name of zygote now that it is tranformed |
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Convergent extension Ex. |
Mechanism that changes cells position relative to each other Ex. Apoptosis Ex.neral tube formation, micortubulez elogates cells and actin contracts to push them into a tube shape |
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Heterotrophic Bioenergetics A lot of energy is lost to |
Eat to gain energy Flow and tranformation of energy within an organism Heat |
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Metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate BMR increase as mass does How to messure energy usage |
Energy used per unti time Metabolic rate of a non growing emdotherm at rest not digesting Smaller animals are less efficiant energy users food, not under stress Heat and o2 production |
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Ingestion |
Food movement in digestive system Structurs with inhestionare the most diberse in digestive system |
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Tyoes of feeder Filter feeders Substarte feeders Bulk feeders Fluid feeders Suspension feeder |
Whales Catipilar and worms,live in food Snakes Mosqitoz Barnicle |
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Digestuve system Sphincter |
Alimentry cannal and acessory organs Liver salivary gland gall bkader and pamcrease Smooth kuscle in rings so wjen muscles contact no material can pass |
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Oral cavity What mechanism moves food |
Mechanical and chemical digestion, pridcues buffer(prevents tooth decay), mucus,antimicrobial agents, amyalse(breaksdown carbohydrates) Peristalsis |
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Stomach |
Epithelium secrets gastric juice Food mixed mechanicaly to make chyme In gastic glands,parreital cells secrete H and Cl to make HCL in lumen Cheif cells secrete inactive pepsinogrn, HCL and active pepsin will change it to active pepson |
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Digestion of fat |
Liver produces bile stored by gall bladder, bile emulsifies fats(surounds them to stop them from joining together) |
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Absorption in degestion |
Mostly in small intestin, clise acces to blood suply and hight surface area. Villi and microvili increase area Nutients go to liver to be sorted and distributed |
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Lareg intestin parts Colon(tube) cecum(end of tube) and rectum(exit) |
Ferments ingested plant material (bacterial break in down)(hervabors have much larger cecums) Colon absobs water and elimimates feces(most water absobed in small intestine) |
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Satiety center Leptin Insulin Glucangon |
Part of brain tjat says if hungry Lomg term hunger regulator Secrted after eatimg Secreted when empty stomach |
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Difusion is rapid only over short distances Difusion rate= area/distance^2 |
R |
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4 basic components of circulator sustemes |
Circulatory fluid(hemaglobin in open system,blood in closed) A set of Interconecting vessels A muscular pump |
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Closed crculatory systemes are not more efficiant Double circulation |
One lung systen(pulminary) (Systemic) all of other tissue Wall seperates o2 blood from no o2 blood,this wall is more eficiant |
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Heart Arteries Veins Antirol to ventircule valves Ventricules to arteries Diastole Systole Bloid fliws from |
Ateryies caryy away from heart Veins carry to the heart Atrioventricular valvues Semilunar valves Relaxed Contracted High to low pressure |
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One heart pumpq |
Atriol and ventricualr diastole Atriol syatole Ventricule systole and atriole diastole (Both sides do this at the same time) |
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Areriole Venule Vein/artei stucture Diference between veins and arteries(structur)3 Bllod is presurized in |
Smaller arteries Smaller veins Outside is conextice tissue, midle is smooth muscle,inside is endothelium Arteries have basal lamina Arteries are more elastic stronger and have thiker fibers Veins have vavlues, arteries domt The heart only |
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At oen time 5-10 perxe t of capilaries have blood in them Precapilary beds and throughfare channels Capilary sphincters |
Connect arterioles and venules Block capilary beds usualy unless absoption needed. In a stress reaction these capilary bed woll block for less bleading |
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Blood consistency2 |
Plasma 55, mostly water,nutirents Cellular elements 45,Erythocytes(red blood cells) and leukyocytes(white blood cells) |
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Types of lungs Water has low O2 so gills must be very efficiant at getting o2 |
Lungs 25% o2 Trachea(insects) Gills 80% o2 Lungs and trache prevent water loss by being inside body Gills must be wet or will colapse |
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O2 travel in blood |
Binds to hemoglobin Or can travle in plasma less comon |
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The tropic receive more precipitation cause |
Rasing warm air cools and releases moisture |
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What best describes link between biome amd climate |
Non forest biomes commom.where climat is dryer |
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What distiungueshse grasslands from savannah |
Annual temperarure |
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A cohort is |
Aniamls from same pop born at the same time |
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Predict wolrd pop will be |
9 billion |
