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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cells- 7
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collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that seperates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
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cell theory
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idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of a structure and function in living things, and ner cells are produced from existing cells
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nucleus
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the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structures that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities
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eukaryote
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organism whose cells contain nuclei
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prokaryote
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unicellular organism lacking a nucleus
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organelle
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speciallized structure that preforms important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
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cytoplasm
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material inside the cell membrane- not including the nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
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chromatin
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granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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chromosome
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threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
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nucleolus
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small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assmebly of proteins begin
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ribosome
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small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein
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endoplasmic reticulum
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internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and soem proteins are modified
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Golgi apparatus
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stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
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lysosome
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cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
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vacuole
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cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
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mitochondrion
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cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more conveinent for the cell to use
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chloroplast
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organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
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cytoskelton
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network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is invovled in many forms of cell movement
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centriole
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one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
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cell membrane
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thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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lipid bilayer
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double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
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concentration
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the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
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cell wall
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strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
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diffusion
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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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equilibrium
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when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution
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osmosis
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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isotonic
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when the concentration of two solutions is the same
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hypertonic
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when compraring two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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hypotonic
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when compraring two solutions. the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
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facilitated diffusion
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movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
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active transport
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energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
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endocytosis
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proces by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
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phagocytosis
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process by which extensions of cytoplasm surround and enguld large particles and take them into the cell
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pinocytosis
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process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding enviorment
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exocytosis
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process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
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cell specialization
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the process in which cells develop in different ways to preform different tasks
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tissue
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group of similar cells that preform a particular function
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organ
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group of tissues that work together to preform closely related functions
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organ system
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group of organs that work together to preform a specific function
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autotroph-8
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organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
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heterotroph
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organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
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photosynthesis
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process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon fioxide into oxygen and high-energy cerbohydrates such as sugards and starches
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pigment
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light- absorbing molecule
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chlorophyll
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principal pigment of plants and other photosythetic organisms; captures light energy
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thylakoid
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saclike phtosythetic membrane found in chloroplasts
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photosystem
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light-collecting units of the chloropasts
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stroma
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region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
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NADP+
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one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
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light-dependent reactions
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reactions of photosythesis that uses energy from light to produce ATP and NADHPH
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ATP synthase
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large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
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Calvin cycle
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reactions of photocynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
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calorie-9
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term used by scientist to measure the energy stored in foods; 1000 calories
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glycolysis
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first step in releasing energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid
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cellular respiration
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process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
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NAD+
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electron carrier involved in glycolysis
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fermentation
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process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
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anaerobic
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process that does not require oxygen
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aerobic
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procees that requires oxygen
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krebs cycle
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second stage of cellular repsiration, in which pyruvic acid is briken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
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electon transport chain
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a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
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cell division-10
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procces by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
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mitosis
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part of a eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
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cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm during cell division
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chromatid
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one of the two identical "sister" parts of the duplicated chromosome
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centromere
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area where the chromatids of a chromosomes are attached
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interphase
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period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
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cell cycle
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series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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prophase
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first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles seperates and take up poisitions on the opposite sides of nucleus
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centriole
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one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near envelope
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spindle
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fanlike microtuble structure that helps seperate the chromosomes during mitosis
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metaphase
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second pahse of mitiosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
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anaphase
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the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
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telophase
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fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material
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cyclin
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one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
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cancer
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disorder in which soem of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
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genetics-11
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scientific study of heredity
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fertilization
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process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
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true-breeding
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term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
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trait
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specific characteristics that caries from one individual to another
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hybrid
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offspring of crossed between parents with different traits
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gene
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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allele
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one of a number of differnet forms of a gene
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segregation
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seperation of allels during gamete formation
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gamete
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specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
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probability
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likelihood that a particular event will occur
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Punnett square
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digram showing the gene cobinations that might result froma genetic cross
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homozygous
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term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particualr trait
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heterozygous
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term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait
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phenotype
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physical characteristics of an organism
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genotype
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genetic makeup of an organism
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independent assortment
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independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
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incomplete dominance
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situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
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codominance
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situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
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multiple alleles
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three or more alleles of the same gene
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polygenic traits
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trait controlled by two or more genes
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homlogous
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term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
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diploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of the homologous chromosomes
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haploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
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meiosis
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process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the seperation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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tetrad
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structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
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crossing-over
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process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
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gene map
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diagram showing that relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome
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transformation-12
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process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
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bacteriophage
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virus that infects bacteria
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nucleiotide
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monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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base pairing
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principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adeine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
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chromatin
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granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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histone
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protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
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replication
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copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
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gene
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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messenger RNA
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RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acida into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
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ribosomal RNA
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type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
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transfer RNA
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type of RNA molecle that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein sythesis
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transcription
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process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence to another
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and seperated the DNA strands during transcription
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promoter
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region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
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intron
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sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
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exon
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expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
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codon
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three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
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translation
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decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
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anticodon
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group of three bases of a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
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mutation
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change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
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point mutation
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gene mutation involvin changes in one or a few nucleotides
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frameshift mutation
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mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
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polyploidy
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condition in which an organisms has extram sets of chromosomes
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operon
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group of genes operating together
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operartor
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region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off"
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differentiation
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process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
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hox gene
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series of genes that controls the differentation of cells and tissues in an embryo
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evolution-15
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change in a kind of orgnaism over time; process by which mogern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
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theory
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well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
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fossil
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preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism
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artificial selection
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selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
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struggle for existence
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competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necesities of life
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fitness
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ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its enviorment
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adaptation
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inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
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survival of the fittest
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process by which individuals tht are better suited to their enviorment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural slecetion
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natural selection
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process by which individuals that are better suited to their enviorment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
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descent with modification
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principal that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
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common descent
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principal that all living things were derived from common ancestors
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homologous structure
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structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
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vestigial organ
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organ that serves no useful function in an organism
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taxonomy
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discipline of classifying arganisms and assigning each organism a unviersally accepted name
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binomial nomenclature
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classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
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genus
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group of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
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taxon
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group of level of organization into which organisms are classified
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family
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group of genera that share many characteristics
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order-18
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group of similar families
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class
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group of similar orders
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phylum
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group of closley releated classes
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kingdom
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large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla
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phylogeny
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the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms
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evolutionary classification
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method of grouping organisms together according to their evolutionary history
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derived character
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characteristic that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members
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cladogram
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diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
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molecular clock
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model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
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domain
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most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom
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bacteria
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domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan
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eubacteria
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kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan
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archaea
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domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
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archaebacteria
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kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidglycan
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eukarya
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domain og all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
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protista
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kingdom composed of eukaryote that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi
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fungi
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kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter
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plantae
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kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose
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animalia
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kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls
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prokaryote-19
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unicellular organism lacking a nucleus
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bacillus
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rod-shaped prokaryote
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coccus
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spherial prokaryote
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spirillum
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spiral or corkscrew -shaped prokaryote
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chemoheterotroph
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organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions
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photoautotroph
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organism that uses energy from sunlight to convery carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds
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chemoautotroph
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organism that makes organic carbon molecule from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions
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obigate aerobe
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organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live
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obligate anaerobe
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organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen
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binary fission
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type of asexual reproduction in which an orgnism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells
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conjugation
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form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information
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