Bio Exam 3

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genetic diversity

Back 1

the # of different genes and genotypes found in a pop of organisms

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crossing over

Back 2

creates new combos of genes on chromosomes

*occurs at prophase 1 and is a major source of genetic diversity

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diploid

Back 3

2 members of each chromosome pair

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haploid

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one member of each chromosome pair

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random alignment

Back 5

creates different combos of paternal and maternal chromosomes in gametes

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syngamy

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the fusion of gametes to create a zygote

creates new combos of genes in organisms
(recombination)

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polygenic

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dependent upon alleles in 2 or more gene pairs

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epistatic

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an allele (modifier gene) in one gene pair alters the expression of one or more alleles in other gene pairs

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pleiotropic

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one allele produces multiple phenotypes

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achondroplastia

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dwarfism

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multi-allelic

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referring to a single gene pair in which there are more than 2 possible alleles

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niche partioning

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the division of niches between species so as to cut down competition

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fundamental niche

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the largest array of resources an organism can utilize

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realized niche

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the actual set of resources utilized by a particular organism

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inter specific competition

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between different species

lion vs hyena

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intra specific competition

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within a species/ far more common of the two/ far less avoidable

lions vs lions

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population

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a group of organisms that interbreed so as to produce viable offspring

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two types of pop growth

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exponentional and logistic

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Factors that affect size of population

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biotic potential
growth factors
environmental resistance
decrease factors

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biotic potential

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the maximum reproductive capability of a given population in the abscence of environmental interference

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environmental resistance

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ecological features that inhibit population growth

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Density independent factors

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drough, hot spells, cold snaps, fires, floods

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density dependent factors

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predators, disease, food shortage, water, build up of waste, lack of space, nesting

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carryong capacity

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the environments ability to hold (or carry) a specific number of individuals for a prolonged time

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environmental selection

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differential survival of individuals in a pop, which leads to differential survival of genes

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gene/allele frequencies

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numeric rate at which a gene or allele occurs in a gene pool relative to other genes / alleles

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stabilizing selection

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no genetically related change in pop mean(average) over time

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directional selection

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genetically related change in mean over time follows a progressive trend

selective pressure moves pop from one average to another

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fluctuating selection

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genetically related changes in mean occur randomly over time

selective pressure moves pop from one average to another and back again

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disruptive selection

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genetically related change in mean over time produces two "means" (modes)

selective pressure splits pop around 2 averages or modes

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Species

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A pop of organisms which is reproductively isolated from other populations of organisms

species (singular)
specia (plural)

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Reproductive isolations

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the inability of pops to interbreed such as to produce a merger of separate gene pools

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speciation

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the evolution of reproductive isolation in 2 pops which previously interbred

*disruptive selection is the only type of selection that causes speciation

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Allopatric

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Speciation occuring in two separate areas usually involves some geographic barrier ie river, canyon, ocean, etc.

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Sympatric

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refers to the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location.

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Parapatric

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Parapatric and parapatry are terms from biogeography, referring to organisms whose ranges do not significantly overlap but are immediately adjacent to each other; they only occur together in the narrow contact zone, if at all. Such organisms are usually closely related (e.g. sister species), their distribution being the result of parapatric speciation.

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peripatric

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referring to organisms whose ranges are closely adjacent but do not overlap, being separated where these organisms do not occur – for example on an oceanic island compared to the mainland

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zygote mortality

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sperm and egg fuse but the offspring fail to develop

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hybrid sterility

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the 2 species mate and produce offspring that are not fertile

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hybrid inviability

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the offspring cant survive long enough to reproduce

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gene pool

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all the alleles found within a given population

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law of segregration

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the alleles of a given gene pair will separate during meosis

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ecology

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the scientific study of how organisms interact w each other and their non living environment

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physical adaptations

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genetically inherited characteristics that enable an organism to survive and reproduce within a given niche

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ecological niche

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the manner in which an organism uses the resources and is influenced by the conditions of its habitat

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resource

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a material that is used (and potentially used up) food water, nesting materials

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habitat

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the physical place or type of place where an organism lives

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conditions

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background features of habitat- temp, humidity,salinity, pH, etc

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Gene/allele frequencies

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numeric rate at which a gene or allele occurs in a gene pool, relative to the other alleles within the gene pair

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mutant

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refers to organism carrying mutation

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sexual reproduction

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can creat new combos of genes, but cannot by itself change gene frequencies

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genetic drift

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changes in gene (allele) frequency owing to random factors

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gene flow

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movement of genes into or out of pop resulting from migration

-violation of rule #2

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natural/environmental selection

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conditions of habitat create differential survival of replication of specific alleles

violation of rule #3

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sexual selection

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mate pairing criteria create differential survival and replication of specific alleles

violation of rule 4

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mutation

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alteration to the nucleotides sequence of a gene

violation of rule 5

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evolution

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changes in gene frequencies in population over time

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evolutionary fitness

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ability to survive / reproduce

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Sex linked inheritance

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fragile x
color blindness

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inheritance of sex

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to be a man you must have genes for trp

the sry gene must produce tdf (testicular determining factor. tdf must activate genes for testosterone
testosterone must bind to trp (testosterone receptor proteins) testoterone completes the act as transcription factors now activate genes that masculate the body

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xy androgen- testosterone insensitve females

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also - androgenized female, the result of restosterone exposure to the female embryo/fetus

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hemaphrodite

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sometimes used to refer to xy androgen (testosterone) insensitive female or androgenized female
klinefelters syndrome
partial transexual
*actually refers to people with gonads of both sexes

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chromosomal non disjunction

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failure of homogulous chromosomes to separate from each other during gamete formation

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trisomy

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possessing 3 chromosomes in a pair

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monosomy

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possessing only 1 chromosome in a pair

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homozygous

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individuals alleles for that pair are the same

double dominant 2 genes for hereditary characteristics

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heterozygous

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individuals alleles for that gene pair are diferent

one dominant one recessive

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phenotype

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a characteristic determined by genes

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genotype

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allele content of a given gene pair

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dihybrid cross

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2 gene pairs per parent

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monohybrid cross

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consider only one gene per parent

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law of segregation

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alleles of the same gene pair will separate from each other during gamete formation

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law of independent assortment

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alleles from different gene pairs will unite in gametes in every possible combination`

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tay sachs

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inherited disorder
both parents must have gene 25%
infants normal up to 3 months then mental physical abilities decline
blind, deaf, unable to swallow, paralyzed , dead by 4yrs old

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albinism

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complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. Results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles
lack of or complete lack of melanin

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cystic fibrosis

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autosomal recessive genetic disorder
affects lungs, liver, pancreas
abnormal transport of chloridel sodium large build up of mucus

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huntingtons disease

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caused by autosomal dominant mutation
symptoms usually show up around 35-44 yrs old
decline in mental abilities, behaviour, psychiatric probs, dimentia

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colorblindness

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unable to see color
males

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hemophilia

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inherited
bleeding disorder blood does not clot normally, bleed longer than normal, bleeding in joints / brain

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fragile x

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intellectual disability, behavioural/ learning challenges, more males affected
autistic like symptoms

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Gauses principle

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no 2 species can use the same niche in the same habitat
one or both will be out competed

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direct competition

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physical fight or attack

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indirect competition

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exploitive, quicker or more efficient use of a resource

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physical adaptation

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genetically inherited traits that enable an organism to survive and reproduce using a given niche

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telophase/cytokinesis

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monad dna molecules equal on each side of the opposite cells
divide cells in two
nucleous forming

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functions of mitosis

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allows organism to grow from one to many cells
allows for repair of damaged tissue(not repair of damaged cells)
allows for replacement of cell types which routinely die

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mendelian genetics
genetics

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scientific study of how biological traits are inherited from parent to offspring

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gregor mendel

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(1850's most work)
experiment on pea plants
ist person to eperimant on living things
pea pods were either green or yellow

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mitosis

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1st phase is prophase
centrioles move to opposite sides of cell pulling the long proteins
chromosomes have formed

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prometaphase

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centrioles are at the opposite ends
mitotic spindles stretch across whole cell
dyads

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metaphase

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dyads line up in in the center of cell
proteins are latched on to the diad chromosomes

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Anaphase

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Split diads at centromere
each half goes to the opposite ends

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Mitosis phases

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prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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interphase phases

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g1
s
g2

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cytokinesis

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the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

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telophase

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the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.