Bio Exam 2

Front 1

protista

Back 1

have a true nucleus, complex organelles, aerobic respiration, 9+2 undulipodium (cillia) in some life stage, eukaryotic microorganisms

Front 2

how protista differ from other eukaryotes

Back 2

don't have embryos like plant/animals, don't form multicellular sex organs like plant/animals, the multicellular only have 1-3 cell types

Front 3

protista with no mitochondria

Back 3

uncharacteristic of eukaryotes, all parasitic, all anaerobic, rRNA similar to some prokaryotes, host cell metabolizes for it

Front 4

mitosome

Back 4

tiny structure that perform some mitochondrial functions in protista without mitochondria

Front 5

pelomyxa palustris

Back 5

no mitosis, pinch off into daughter cells, protista, primative eukaryote, free living

Front 6

parabasalia

Back 6

live inside other organisms, symbiotic, no mitochondria, live in termite guts to digest cellulose, protista

Front 7

microsporidia

Back 7

parasites, mitosomes, no mitochondria

Front 8

earliest protista

Back 8

2.8-2.1 billion years ago, before then not enough free oxygen

Front 9

dinoflagalletes

Back 9

mostly marine, have cavities lining surface of body, cause red tides, produce toxins which can be absorbed by shellfish and cause illness/death, protista

Front 10

foraminifera

Back 10

create shells with pores, complicated life cycle, builds up calcium carbonate, heterotrophic, protista

Front 11

apicomplex

Back 11

parasites, causes malaraia, alveolate group, protista

Front 12

amebozoa

Back 12

surround prey with pseudopods (also for movement), hetertrophic, some are shelled, include slime molds, protista

Front 13

slime molds

Back 13

complicated life cycle, single cells feeding on bacteria until environment becomes unfavorable so cells combine to make "slug" and release spores, protista

Front 14

straminopila

Back 14

small structure with tiny hairs outside, contain algae, intermediate between dinoflagellate and red algae, very large multicellular w/ one cell type

Front 15

diatoms

Back 15

colorful, varying shapes, have double shell made of silica, used commercially, produce much O2 fixation in ocean, straminopila protista

Front 16

cilliates

Back 16

cillia for movement, in group cirri , protista

Front 17

origin of plants

Back 17

470-450 MYA, oldest traces are spores

Front 18

byrophytes

Back 18

nonvascular land plants, ex. moss, genetics suggest they are most ancient but don't fossilize well, must live in wet environments, small low growing,

Front 19

ancestors of plants

Back 19

definitely green algae, possibly coleochaete-like by genetics or chara

Front 20

features important in land plant evolution

Back 20

gamete dispersal without drying out via resistant spores, protection of developing embryo from drying out via gametangium, gas exchange via stromata and waxy cuticle to retain, support tissues with lignin to grow upright, formation of roots, stems and leaves for nutrient uptake

Front 21

liver wort

Back 21

possibly oldest land plant by genetics, bryophyte, introns dissimilar to land plants,

Front 22

3 kinds of bryophtes

Back 22

liverwort, bryophyta, hornwarts

Front 23

bryophyta

Back 23

mosses, gametophyte is dominant stage, sporophyte grows out of larger gametophyte at certain times of year

Front 24

gymnosperms

Back 24

non-flowing seed plant, .3% of seed plants (97.7% flowering)

Front 25

seed development evolution

Back 25

416-316 MYA in Devonian period, one of the most important in evolution of land plants

Front 26

advantages of seeds to spores

Back 26

spores are resistant to desiccation but not adaptable, seeds have survival value, can remain dormant 100-150 yrs, seed provides maximum protection, seeds have stores energy in tissues, important to dispersal seeds spread to new habitats

Front 27

homospory

Back 27

early land plant characteristic, same size male and female spores, each in own gametangium

Front 28

change in megaspore

Back 28

increase in size of megaspore and decrease of number within gametangium until only one large megaspore and 3 polar bodies, megasporangium becomes seed coat

Front 29

evolution of pollen grain

Back 29

evolved from spores, product of mitosis with 2 sperm cells and larger protective structure

Front 30

pollination

Back 30

process where microspores reach area of megasporangium and make contact, pollen grain germinates to produce tube w/ sperm at tip, grows toward gametangium

Front 31

fertilization

Back 31

male gamete fuses with female gamete to make zygote

Front 32

progymnosperm

Back 32

before seed plants, first ancestor, 2 distinct lineages, conifer and seed ferns, reproduced by spores, 2 tissues, heterospory, all extinct by end of devonian

Front 33

seed ferns

Back 33

ancestor of present gynosperms, extinct by crustaceous period

Front 34

4 current gymnosperms

Back 34

cycadophyta (palm tree - like), ginko, gnetophytes (strange, unknown), coniferophyta (pines)

Front 35

origin of flowering plant

Back 35

cretaceous period, 127-120MYA, first pollen 130MYA

Front 36

possible ancestor of flowering plant

Back 36

seed fern

Front 37

characteristics of flowering plant

Back 37

evolution of carpel (style, stigma, ovary), double fertilization, flower, new conducting cell, accelerated development of ovules (hours/days not months like in gymnosperms),

Front 38

carple

Back 38

stigma, style, ovary, produces fruit, female part

Front 39

double fertilization

Back 39

male gametes are produced, each microspore creates tube cell and generative cell, sperm #1 unites with egg to produce zygote, sperm #2 joins with 2 polar bodies to create endosperm nucleus for stored food

Front 40

flower

Back 40

modified leaves, attractive to pollinators, primative flowers had radial symmetrym (many pollinators) now bilateral symmetry (specific pollinators)

Front 41

vessel element of flowering plants - conducting cell

Back 41

vessel elements in tube-like structure, specialized for fluid transport unlike trachiade cell which is specialized for fluid transport and support

Front 42

monocot

Back 42

single seed lead after germination, 70,000 species, lily, grasses

Front 43

eudicot

Back 43

two seed leaves, 200,000 species, trees shrubs

Front 44

two critical events in nonseed plant evolution

Back 44

synthesis of lignin for upright growth and rigidity, evolution of trachied cell for fluid transport

Front 45

advancements to allow terrestrial environment of vascular plants

Back 45

resistant to gametes desiccation by evolution of spores, waxy cuticle to retain water, development of stromata for gas exchange, development of sterile layer (gametangia), retention of zygotes inside female gametogonium, evolution of roots, stems and leaves

Front 46

alternation of generation

Back 46

haploid stage: gametophte produces gametes. diploid stage: sporophyte produces eggs and sperm, mitosis occurs so eggs and sperm are haploid

Front 47

advantages of terrestrial ares

Back 47

no competition, no predators

Front 48

development of leaves

Back 48

declining CO2 in atmosphere caused increase in surface area for respiration

Front 49

early land plant groups

Back 49

rhynoiophytes (415 MYA), zosterophyllophytes (415 MYA), trimerophytes (410MYA)

Front 50

relationships of early land plants to current

Back 50

rhynio and trimer gave rise to future, zosterophyll gave rise to lycophytes

Front 51

most diverse plant type time period

Back 51

devonian

Front 52

evolution of non-seed vascular plants

Back 52

340-290 MYA Devonian to Carboniferous, reproduced by spores, rapid diversification and size to produce forests

Front 53

lycophyta

Back 53

non-seed vascular plant, club mosses, exinct by end of devonian

Front 54

pteridophytales

Back 54

non-seed vascular plant, wisk fern, 2 genera left, no roots photosynthetic stems

Front 55

hyphea

Back 55

threads from fugus that secretes and absorb

Front 56

characteristics of kingdom fungi

Back 56

heterotrophic, eukaryotic, saprobiotic, absorbitive nutrition, uni or multicellular, cell wall composed of chitin, spores sexually or asexually

Front 57

earliest fungi

Back 57

no fossil record probably 680 MYA

Front 58

ecological significance of fungi

Back 58

decompose cellulose and lignin can cause diseases and pathogens, pioneer break rock and soil

Front 59

classification of fungi

Back 59

based on sexual stages

Front 60

chytrids

Back 60

parasitic fungi, live in aquatic environment and infect frogs

Front 61

zygomycota

Back 61

fungi, bread/black molds, result of fusion between two comparable fungi no male/female, asexual

Front 62

lichens

Back 62

2 organisms in partnership, fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae, live in hard environments, can eat at rock, controlled parasitism

Front 63

3 types of lichens

Back 63

crustase (crust on top of rock), fruticose (cylindrical parts), foliase (leafy structure on trunks of trees)