Bio Exam 2

Front 1

In photosynthesis, NADPH is used for the

Back 1

reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG).

Front 2

The mitochondrial ATP synthase

Back 2

makes ATP at the expense of the proton gradient established by electron transport.

Front 3

The mitochondrial electron transport chain

Back 3

oxidizes the intermediate electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.

Front 4

Reagents, such as dinitrophenol, increase the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane to protons. The addition of dinitrophenol to a suspension of animal cells should over the short term

Back 4

inhibit mitochondrial ATP synthesis.

Front 5

The conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle takes place with the conversion of NAD+ to NADH. In this reaction, NAD+ is

Back 5

the reducing agent.
the oxidizing agent.

Front 6

The mitochondrial electron transport chain

Back 6

oxidizes the intermediate electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.

Front 7

Reagents, such as dinitrophenol, increase the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane to protons. The addition of dinitrophenol to a suspension of animal cells should over the short term

Back 7

inhibit mitochondrial ATP synthesis.

Front 8

The conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle takes place with the conversion of NAD+ to NADH. In this reaction, NAD+ is

Back 8

the reducing agent.
the oxidizing agent.

Front 9

Fermentation results in what?

Back 9

results in the formation of lactic acid or ethanol.

Front 10

A photosystem is a complex of pigments, proteins, and a reaction center chlorophyll. T/F?

Back 10

T

Front 11

in green plant photosynthesis, water is

Back 11

oxidized to oxygen gas (O2) in the light.

Front 12

what is a signal?

Back 12

a molecule that when received triggers a cellular response.

Front 13

What happens in Primary Active Transport?

Back 13

ATP is directly hydrolized which provides energy to move molecules and produce electrochemical gradient.

Front 14

Autocrine

Back 14

signals affect same cell that releases them

Front 15

paracrine

Back 15

signals diffuse to affect nearby cells

Front 16

endocrine(hormones)

Back 16

long distance signals that travel through the circulatory system.

Front 17

Oxidation and reduction reactions ____ occur _____.

Back 17

always together

Front 18

The gain of electrons is called ____. The loss of electrons is called ______.

Back 18

reduction, oxidation

Front 19

The movement of hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-) involves the transfer of ____. So tracking hydrolysis allow us to track energy transfer in metabolic pathways.

Back 19

electrons.

Front 20

Each NAD+ can accept __ electrons and one _ atom, which reduces to ____.

Back 20

2, H, NADH

Front 21

Each FAD can accept _ electrons and _ protons, which reduces it to ___.

Back 21

2,2, FADH2

Front 22

Flow of energy in aerobic respiration occurs by ___.

Back 22

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 23

___ couples the energy released by the oxidation of NADH (and FADH2) to the energy captured by the production of ATP.

Back 23

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 24

The majority of NADH and FADH2 are reduced during the ___

Back 24

citric acid cycle

Front 25

steps of respiration:

Back 25

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 26

___ occurs in the abscense of oxygen.

Back 26

Glycolysis.

Front 27

T/F High ATP concentraitons of the cell can slow down glycolysis.

Back 27

True

Front 28

The _____ (molecules related in form to the hemoglobin molecules) are the predominant electron carriers in the electron transport chain.

Back 28

cytochromes

Front 29

____ is the ultimate electron acceptor in the transport chain and is reduced to water.

Back 29

Oxygen

Front 30

diffusion of protons across a membrane driving the synthesis of ATP

Back 30

Chemiosmosis

Front 31

where does chemiosmosis occur?

Back 31

the mitochondria and chloroplast.

Front 32

Chemiosmosis occurs by the action of ____.

Back 32

ATP synthase.

Front 33

describes the conversion of inorganic carbon to the reduced organic carbon found in life.

Back 33

carbon fixation

Front 34

What are the 3 major steps in the Calvin cycle?

Back 34

1. fixation 2. reduction. 3. regeneration

Front 35

Chemical energy harvested during the light reactions is used to reduce CO2 to glucose in the ___ reactions.

Back 35

carbon fixation.

Front 36

The immediate product of the Calvin Cycle is

Back 36

G3P

Front 37

G3P is either used in the regeneration of ____ or converted to either a hexose or a starch for energetic needs of the plant cell.

Back 37

RuBP

Front 38

Step 2 of Photosynthesis:

Back 38

carbon fixation reactions

Front 39

what do carbon fixation reactions do?

Back 39

reduce CO2 to sugars
convert energy of ATP and NADPH to energy of chemical bonds of glucose.

it occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts of prokaryotes

Front 40

3 distinct processes of the Calvin Cycle:

Back 40

Carbon fixation
Reduction and sugar production
Regeneration of RuBP

Front 41

complex series of enzyme mediated biochemical pathways. Energetically expensive. Messy and not fun.

Back 41

The Calvin Cycle

Front 42

Carbon Fixation catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco

Back 42

step 1 of the calvin cycle

Front 43

what is the most abundant protein on Earth?

Back 43

rubisco

Front 44

Reduction of 3PG to a triose phosphate: GSP

Back 44

2nd step in calvin cycleGS

Front 45

G3P can be:

Back 45

converted to glucose
converted to starch
used to regenerate RuBP

Front 46

Regeneration of RuBP
-complex
-energy requiring

Back 46

3rd step in calvin cycle

Front 47

Photosynthesis and Respiration are linked by ____ and energy flow.

Back 47

glucose