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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mitosis
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produce an exact copy of the original cell's genetic blueprint
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Prophase Mitosis
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chromatin condenses into chromosomes with sister chromatids. This is the phase of mitosis when the chromosomes first become visiable and the centriols appear
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Metaphase Mitosis
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chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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Anaphase Mitosis
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chromatids split and are pulled to opposite ends
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Telophase Mitosis
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Chromosoems begin to decondense; nuclear envelop beings to reform
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Chromatin
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Unwound DNA. only occurs during miosis and mitosis processes
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Centromeres
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little structures that hold the chromosome and it's copy together
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Centrioles
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only seen during miosis and mitosis taking place of nucles. sends out spindle fibers telling chromosomes to line up then separate
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Cytokinesis
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process of splitting into two parts. not actually a part of mitosis but this step follows. cell along with organelles
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Karyotype
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chat that looks at the structure of chromosomes. you may start with 46, make a copy of each to get 92 then mitosis occurs and you end up with two sets of 46
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Nondisjunction
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occurs during meiosis when a homologous pair go into the same daughter cell
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interphase
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During all three phases: The cell lives and grows; produced protein and organelles. G1, S, G2
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Apoptosis
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programmed cell death. good because it can kill cells that have something that went wrong with them.
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Eupoidy
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term referring to "true" chromosomal number for that species
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Polyploidy
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a eukaryote having three or more complete sets of chromosomes. 69- only in plants
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Aneuploidy
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when an organism has more or less then normal number of chromosomes
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Monosomy
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(2n-1) missing a particular chromosome. Diploid.
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Trisomy
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(2n+1) three of a particular chromosome
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Turner (XO)
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Female winds up with 1 X, causes sterility
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Klinefelter (XXY)
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carrying more estrogen causes sterility, testosterone as a supplement
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Poly-X (XXX)
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"super female" unless a kerotype has been done, you wouldn't know. No impact. Contains an extra X
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Jacob (XYY)
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"Super male" donated by male. his sperm brought 2 Y's/ Y's code for manliness. more testostrone,bigger organs and muscle mass
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Autosomal chromosomes
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Everything else
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Sex-Linked chromosomes
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X and Y chromosomes. can have genes on X and Y
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Deletions
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Things missing on a chromosomes. a type of chromosomal aberration in which a segment of the chromosome is removed or lost.
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insertion
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attachment of a part or organ, with special reference to the site or manner of such attachment.
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inversion
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a type of chromosomal aberration in which the position of a segment of the chromosome is changed in such a way that the linear order of the genes is reversed.
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Translocation
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A change of location. Chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment of genetic material from one chromosome is heritably linked to another chromosome
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Gene
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DNA with a particular sequence of bases
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Genetic Mutation
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permanent change in sequence of bases
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Binary Fission
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reproduction of prokaryotes. term for cell replication and division of bacterial cells
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Bacteriophage
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Viruses that infect bacteria
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Free radicals present in cells, UV radiation, X-rays, organic chemicals in smoke, pesticides, pollution
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What are some environmental factors that can cause mutations?
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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takes message from DNA in nucles to ribosomes in cytoplasm
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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ATransfers amino acides to ribosomes
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RIbosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Part of ribosome together with ribosomal proteins make the ribosome- polypeptides sythesized ehre
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AntiCodon
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A group of three bases that is complementary to a specific codon of mRNA and therefore an amino acid
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Transcription
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DNA serves as a template for RNA formation. mRNA
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Translation
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RNA directs the sequence of amino acides in a polypeptide. -occurs at the ribosome
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Mutation Rate
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Probability fo a particular type of mutation occurring per unit time (or generation) 10-6
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Mutation Frequency
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Number of times a particular mutation occurs in a population of cells or individuals
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Somatic Mutations
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occur in somatic (body) cells and only affect the individual in which mutation arises
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Germ-line Mutation
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alter gametes and are passed to next generation. Refers to gametes
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Transposon
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Mobile, genetic elements- can move to whole new chromosomes, which leaves a whole in the old chromosome. This causes spontaneous mutations
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Wobble pairing mutation
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puts the wrong pairs together.
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Nonsynonymous Mutations
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base pair substituation of an amino acid with similar chemical properties. (Protein function not altered)
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Synonymous
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Base pair substitution results in the same amino acid
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Frameshift
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deletions or insertions result in translation of incorrect amino acids, stops codons (shorter polypeptides), or read-through of stop codons (longer polypeptides)
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Initiation, Elongation, Termination
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starts codon, strings together, then stops codons
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Ionizing Radiation
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breaks covalent bonds including those in DNA; leading cause of mutations.
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Ultraviolet
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Causes purines and pyrimidines to form abnormal dimmer bonds and bulges in DNA strands
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Clone
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Organism that shares the same DNA
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Transgenic organism
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An organism (not human) which contains DNA from another species. any organism that we mess with their DNA.
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Gene Therapy
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Modification of a human beings gene
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Vector
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Foreign DNA into a new cell or organism.
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Competent
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you can take in a vector
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Plasmid
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Type of vector, small accessory rings found in bacteria; it carries new DNA to new source
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Restriction DNA
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Cleaves, cuts out an opening to be able to insert foreign DNA
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Ligase DNA
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Seals DNA into area opened by restriction enzymes. Sticky Tape. DNA of plasmid will stick it in new DNA
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DNA Polymerase
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takes nucleoid and makes a new copy
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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technique where in DNA can be replicated exponentially
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Diploid
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Two sets of chromosomes. 23 is in a complete set
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Haploid
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one set of chromosomes
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Zygote
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first cell of an organism, or a diploid organism
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Homologous
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chromosomes in a biological cell that pair up (synapse) during meiosis
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alleles
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one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particular gene
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Chiasma
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Points where homologous chromatids cross over
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Genotype
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result of gene expression (Actual alleles for each gene on the chromosome)
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Phenotype
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result of gene expression ( actual appearance of character or train)
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Heterozygous
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have a DIFFERENT allele type gene sequence on each chromosome (Bb)
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Homozygous
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Have the SAME allele type gene sequence on both chromosomes
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Dominant
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one allele is expressed as a phenotype over another. Show up with homozygous or heterozygous alleles
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Recessive
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genotype not visible when heterozygous with dominant trait. Only visible when in homozygous condition.
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P= Parental
F1= First filial generation F2= Second filial generation |
P, F1, F2 generation
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Monohybrid
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Tracking alleles of a single character
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Dihybrid
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tracking alleles from two characters
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