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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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i love my boy friend so much
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yes i do
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What are complex carbohydrates?
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~polysaccharides made of many carbon rings.
~Glycogen is the storage form in animals (liver, muscle cells) ~Starch is the storage form in plants. |
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Making and breaking down organic molecules.
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Dehydration synthesis reaction- The removal of water from two smaller molecules in order to link them together to from one larger molecule.
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Making and breaking down organic molecules.
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Hydrolysis reaction- the addition of water to a larger molecule to break it down into smaller subunits.
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What are lipids?
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~Composed of mostly C and H in a 1:2 ratio.
~Hydrophobic molecules (Fats, oils, waxes) ~Purpose: used as energy molecules, found in cell membranes and can also be hormones. ~Ex) saturated and unsaturated, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids. |
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Fatty acids
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~Composed of hydrocarbon chains (may be 4 to 36 carbons long)
~The hydrocarbon chain is referred to as the hydrocarbon tail ~The other end contains the carboxyl group. |
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Saturated fatty acids
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~Long hydrocarbon chain that does not contain double covalent bonds (C=C)
~Usually solids at room temperature ~Usually from animals ~Increase blood cholesterol levels (Increase risks for heart disease and LDL's "bad") |
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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~Contain double covalent bonds (C=C)
~Usually liquid at room temp. ~Usually from plants (Soy beans, olive oil) ~Decrease blood cholesterol levels (increase in HDL's "good") |
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Triglycerides
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~A three carbon molecule called glycerol is linked to three fatty acids
~Found in adipose tissue ~Long-term energy source and insulation |
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Phospholipids
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~Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate groups
~The phosphate containing head is hydrophilic ~The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic |
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Phospholipids #2
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Importance: Arrange in two layers to form the cell membrane
~Also known as the phospholipid bilayer |
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Steroids
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~3 6 carbon rings and 1 5 carbon ring
~Made from a cholesterol base (Also in cell membrane) ~Examples are the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone |
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What are proteins?
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~Important form Many reasons including:
-Contraction (Actin & Myosin) -Hormones (Insulin) -Structures (Collagen, Elastin) -Protection (Antibodies, clotting proteins) -Transport (Hemoglobin- transports O2/ HDL & LDL's -Enzymes |
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Enzyme
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~Speeds up a chemical reaction
~Is unaltered by the chemical reaction. |
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Linking amino acids together
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~Linked together by dehydration synthesis
~Peptide bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another |
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Protein folding
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~Primary- the linear order of amino acids (Determined by DNA)
~Secondary- folding into pleated sheets and helices (Due to hydrogen bonds) ~Tertiary- folding into an even more complex 3-D shape (due to polar vs. non polar interactions) ~Quaternary- two or more tertiary structures |
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Shape determines function
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~An amino acid chain must fold up properly in order for the protein to carry out its function
~DNA directs protein synthesis (DNA mutations alter protein shape and function causing various diseases and cancer) ~Proteins are also sensitive to environment: temp, pH, electrolyte concentration, etc. |
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What are nucleic acids?
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~Examples are DNA and RNA.
-DNA is inherited and directs protein synthesis. -RNA is a temporary helper molecule that assist with protein synthesis. ~Subunit: The nucleotide -Nucleotides have 3 components: *A sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases *The sugars and nitrogenous bases are different in DNA and RNA. |
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RNA
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~RNA is composed of a single strand of nucleotides
-contains the sugar (ribose) ~The nitrogenous bases are: -Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C) -Uracil (U) |
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DNA
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~DNA is a double stranded molecule
~contains the sugar (deoxyribose) ~The nitrogenous bases are: -Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C) -Thymine (T) |
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DNA #2
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The chains are held together by h-bonds that form between complementary base pairs
-A and T -G and C ~The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the sides of the ladder ~The nitrogenous bases form the rungs of the ladder. |
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ATP
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~Adenosine triphosphate
-High energy molecule -used as currency with the cell to do work -Made from glucose, lipids or proteins |
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Characteristics of the plasma membrane
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-Phospholipid bilayer
-Contains cholesterol for support -It contains Glycoproteins and glycolipids (Carbohydrate chains attached) -Selectively permeable (semi-) |
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What does selectively permeable mean?
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The membrane allows some things in while keeping others out.
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What can ecstasy effect?
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Blood pressure, Pulse rate, body temp (homeostasis), Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, Water balance, dehydration, Excess water, Blood sugar level, vision
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Hypo-
Hyper- Glyc- Therm- Nat- Emia- |
Low/below
high/too much sugar temp sodium blood |
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What is an antidiuretic?
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Doesn't allow you to release urine therefor your kidneys aren't working correctly
-you will retain water |
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How does... passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport move?
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1)High-low, no energy, no transport molecule needed
2)High-low, No energy, needs transport protein -sugars -amino acids 3)low-high, needs ENERGY (ATP) |
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Which way does water move?
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Where the solution is greater!
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Which of the following could move through the phospholipid bilayer membrane with less difficulty?
-H20 -Glucose -Na+ -O2 -An amino acid |
O2 Because there isn't a charge
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What is in the phospholipid bilayer to make it easier for water to pass through?
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Aquaporin
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How do big molecules cross?
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Endocytosis
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Endocytosis
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transports molecules or cells into the cell via invagination of the cell membrane to form a vesicle
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Exocytosis
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Transports molecules outside the cell via the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane
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Nucleus
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-contains DNA
-Surrounded by a nuclear envelope -double membrane with nuclear pores -Nucleolus-rRna is produced |
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Cytoplasm
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Made up of the:
-Cytosol fluid component -Organelles various structures suspended within the cytosol |
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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-Continuous with the nuclear envelope
-Rough ER- studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins -Smooth ER- lipid and carbohydrate synthesis |
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Golgi Apparatus
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-Receives substance from the ER via transport vesicles
-Modifies and repackages for shipping |
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lysosomes
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-vesicle containing digestive enzymes
-Break down cellular wastes and help to dispose of ingested particles |
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Mitochondria
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-power house of the cell
-Have a double membrane -manufacture ATP -Contain their own DNA |
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Cytoskeleton
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-Proteins that serve to:
-Provide a framework for the cell -Move substance with in the cell -Stabilize organelles |
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Cytoskeleton
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-Microvilli- fingerlike projections (digestive tract, small intestine)
-Cilia- single hair-like extensions (Resp. tract Fallopian tube move rhythmically) -Flagella- single long tail-like structure (sperm) |
