Bio Exam #1

Front 1

Health

Back 1

-Relative equilibrium in which body systems are functioning adequately

Front 2

Wellness

Back 2

-State of good physical, mental, and emotional health
-proper diet and exercise habits
-physical health and emotional well being

Front 3

Nutrition

Back 3

-Impacts health and wellness greatly
-diet affects energy levels and overall health

Front 4

Food Pyramid

Back 4

-Shows what you should and should not eat

Front 5

Fiber

Back 5

-doesn't just keep you "regular"
-removes fats and cholestorol
-decreases risk of heart attacks, strokes, and anerisms.

Front 6

Cholesterol

Back 6

-not a fat - is and alcohol
-good and bad kinds
-can be used to create horemones and steroids

Front 7

HDL

Back 7

-High Density Lipoprotein
-small fatty globs
-not very bad

Front 8

LDL

Back 8

-Low Density Lipoprotein
-really bad
-"large hackin chunks of fatty goodness"
-can block veins & arteries

Front 9

Aerobic Exercise

Back 9

-forces lungs to circulate to your body, inproves efficiently
-strengthens lungs and heart

Front 10

Anaerobic Exercise

Back 10

-focuses on specific muscles to increase their size
- strength and endurance, doesn't get you in shape
-increases bone density

Front 11

Homeostasis

Back 11

relatively steady state maintained within our bodies despite the constantly occuring changes

Front 12

Disease

Back 12

-state of functional disquilibrium that may be resolved by recovery of death

Front 13

Signs of Diseases

Back 13

-Evidence of a disease observed in a physical exam
-Example: strep throat signs include white blisters, fever, ect.

Front 14

Symptoms of Diseases

Back 14

-Perception of a disease by a patient
-Example: strep throat symptoms include tired, chills, throat hurts, ect.

Front 15

Etiology

Back 15

-the cause of disease
-includes genetics, infections (virus/bacteria), and enviornmental exposure (skin cancer/genetic mutations).

Front 16

Epidemiology

Back 16

studies incidents distribution and contrion of diseases in a group
-looks at factors that influences disease (age, sex, occupation, geography)

Front 17

Pathogenesis

Back 17

-Source of an illness/disease and its development
-Example: food poisening.

Front 18

Idiopathic

Back 18

-The cause of a disease unknown
-Example: spinobifida - was a mystery until it was linked to a lack of folic acid in mother.

Front 19

Hypertrophy

Back 19

-Enlargement of an organ or body part

Front 20

Atrophy

Back 20

-A decrease in size of an organ or body part.

Front 21

Diagnosis

Back 21

-Determination of the nature of a disease

Front 22

Prognosis

Back 22

-Predicted course or outcome of a disease.

Front 23

Acute

Back 23

-Sudden onset and short term or duration
-Example: the flu

Front 24

Chronic

Back 24

-long lived or slow developming
-Example: mesothlelioma (sp?)

Front 25

Defense mechanisms against pathogens
- what are the three levels of defense?

Back 25

-1st line of defense: Physical and chemical barriers
-2nd line of defense:
Nonspecific (innate) defense mechanisms. Occur in response to any kind of challenge - do not target specific pathogens
-3rd line of defense:
Specific defense mechanisms-Immune responses. Cells, proteins and lymphatic system work together to detect and kill pathogens and abnormal body cells.

Front 26

Physical/chemical barriers
-what do tears and saliva have to protect body?

Back 26

-Intact skin is best barrier against entry in body
-Tears and saliva contain lysozyme - kills bacteria cell walls
-Mucus traps pathogens
-Vomiting, urination, and defecation get pathogenic microorganisms from body.

Front 27

Phagocytosis

Back 27

-Process where bacteria are 'eaten' by neutrophils and macrophages

Front 28

Natural Killer cells

Back 28

-cells that destroy tumor cells and host cells infected by viruses

Front 29

Interferons

Back 29

-Something that accects the virus' ability to produce a cell wall

Front 30

Fever

Back 30

-Increase in body temperature that gives the body an advantage over the virus/bacteria in body.
-increases metabolic rate of body cells -speeds up defense mechanisms and tissue repair

Front 31

Inflammatory response

-What is the inflammatory response?
-What are the 4 outward signs of the inflammatory response?
-What is release from the cells that causes this response?
-What destroys microorganisms at the site of injury?

Back 31

-when tissue infury triggers a response that prevents damage from spreading, disposes of debris and pathogens and helps tissue repair
-4 signs of inflammatory response: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain
-tissue damage causes release of histamine from cells. Histamine causes vasodilation and increases blood vessel permeability
-Phagocytes engulf and desroy microorganisms and debris at site of injury

Front 32

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

-What kind of cells are NK cells?
-What do NK cells do?

Back 32

-NK cells are Lymphocytes that recognize tumor cells or infected cells with viruses
-NK cells release chemicals that causes holes in the membrane of infected cell, so the cell dies
-NK cells secrete chemicals that enhance the inflammatory resoponse.

Front 33

Complement system

Back 33

-Group of 20 plasma proteins that assist with defencse mechanisms
- actions activated by complement proteins
-creates holes in bacterial cell walls
-binds to bacterial membranes and mark them for phagocytes
-stimulates release of histamine by mast cells
-attracts phagocytes to infection site (chemotaxis)

Front 34

Immune Cells - B lymphocytes

Back 34

B lyphocytes
-mature in bone barrow
-Responsible for anitbody-mediated (humoral) immunity

Front 35

Immune Cells - T lymphocytes

Back 35

T Lyphocytes
-mature in thymus gland but produced in bone marrow
-resonsible for cell mediated immunity
-Several types: helper,cytoxic, and suppressor

Front 36

Antibody-mediated immunity

Back 36

-Maturing B-cells develope surface receptors taht allow them to recognize specific antigens (Ag)
-Binding to specific Ag to surface receptor activates B cell, which divides rapidly to produce clone of identical cells
Many B cells become memory cells that can recognize same Ag at 2nd exposure

Front 37

IdG - Antigen presenting Cells

Back 37

IdG: most common antigen producing cells

Front 38

T cells

-Different types (remember the bar scene)

Back 38

-Have special surgace receptors that enable them to ID and bond to Ag fragments
-2 types:
CD4 = T Helper Cells
CD8 = T cytotoxic (surpressor cell)

Helper T cells stimulate other immune cells, including B cells (tattle tail)

Cytotoxic directly attack and destroy foreign cells by secreting proteing called perforin -makes holes in cell membrane. (Bouncer)

Suppressor T cells slow down immune responses after Af has been destroyed (manager at bar)

Front 39

Primary v Secondary Response

Back 39

Obviously, the secondary responce is much faster.

Front 40

Immunization

Back 40

Can be passive of active
-passive - involves getting anitbodies from another organism
-active- involves being exposed to Ag naturally or through vaccines

Front 41

Vaccines in Development

Back 41

-Meningitis
-Human Papilloma virus =genital warts
-Chlamydia
-AIDS
-Streptococcus group a = skin and throat infections
-Streptococcus group b = meningitis in newborns.

Front 42

Transplant rejection

Back 42

Transplants from another person can be rejected if donor tissue is not closely matched to recipient MHC proteins
-Immune system must be suppressed with drugs so Cytotoxic T cells don't attack transplant
-key to successful translant is to suppress immune system so that it won't attack transplant but will stll function to protect the body.