Bio Chp 6

Front 1

light microscopes

Back 1

optical instrument with lenses that bend visible light to magnify images of specimens

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organelles

Back 2

formed bodies with specialized functions in cytosol of eukaryotic cell

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electron microscope

Back 3

microscope that focuses electron beam on specimen

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scanning electron microscope

Back 4

microscope that uses electron beam to scan surface of a specimen to study its topography

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transmission electron microscope

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microscope that aims the electron beam in very thin sections to study internal ultrastructure of cells

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cell fractionation

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process that takes cells apart in order to seperate the organelles from one another

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ultracentrifuges

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are able to seperate cell components by size and density

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cytosol

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semifluid substance where organelles can be found

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prokaryotic cell

Back 9

lacks membrane around the nucleus and lacks membrane-bounded organelles

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nucleoid

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dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

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eukaryotic cell

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true nucleus with membrane bounded organelles and nuclear envelope

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cytoplasm

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region between nucleus and the plasma membrane

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plasma membrane

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selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the cell

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nucleus

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contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell

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nuclear lamina

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netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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chromosomes

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structures that carry genetic information

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chromatin

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mixture of DNA and proteins

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nucleolus

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located in the non-dividing nucleus formed from proteins. it is an active in ribosome synthesis

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ribosome

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particles made of rRNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis

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vesicles

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sacs made of membranes

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smooth ER

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outside surface lacks ribosomes

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rough ER

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ribosomes stud the outer surface of the ribosomes

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glycoproteins

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proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

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transport vesicles

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tiny membranous sac in cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

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golgi apparatus

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receives products of the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them, stores them for sending to various destinations in the cell

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phagocytosis

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process by which cell engulfs particles

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contractile vacuole

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pumps excess water out of the cell and maintains the concentration of salt and other molecules

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central vacuole

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membranous sac in a mature plant that plays an important role in reproduction, growth, and development

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tonoplast

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membrane that encloses the central vacuole separating vacuolar contents and the cytosol

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mitochondria

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site for cellular respiration, ATP is extracted from sugars, fats, and other fuels

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chloroplasts

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site for photosynthesis in plants

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peroxisome

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oxidative organelles not part of endomembrane system that import proteins from the cytosol

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cristae

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infoldings of the membrane

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mitochondrial matrix

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second component of the mitochondrion that is enclosed by an inner membrane

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thylakoids

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interconnected sacs inside the chloroplast

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granum

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stacks of thylakoids

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stroma

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fluid outside the thylakoid containing chloroplast, DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes

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cytoskeleton

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network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm for mechanical and transport functions

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motor proteins

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interacts with cytoplasm to allow for cell motility

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microtubules

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thickest fibers of the cytoskeleton

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microfilaments

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thinnest fibers of the cytoskeleton

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intermediate filaments

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fibers whose diameter range between those of the microtubules and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

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centrosome

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region near nucleus that organizes microtubules

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centriole

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nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring within animal cell

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flagella

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beats through specialized arrangement of microtubules that allow for cell motility

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cilia

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locomotor appendages that protrude from the cell

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basal body

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anchors microtubule assembly of cilia/flagellum

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dynein

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large contractile protein forming side arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella

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actin

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globular protein making up microfilaments

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myosin

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type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction

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pseudopodia

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cellular extensions that allow for amoeboid movement and feeding

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cytoplasmic streaming

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circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

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cell wall

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extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguish them from animal cells

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primary cell wall

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thin and flexible wall secreted by young plants

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middle lamella

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sticky layer of pectins

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secondary cell wall

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exists between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane that deposits layers for cell protection and support

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extracellular matrix

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substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded consisting of proteins and polysaccharides

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collagen

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glycoprotein in extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers

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proteoglycans

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glycoprotein in extracellular matrix of animal cells rich in carbohydrates

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fibronectin

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glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix

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integrins

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receptor protein built into the plasma membrane interconnecting extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton

Front 62

plasmodesmata

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open channel in cell wall of plant where strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell

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endomembrane system

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system of membranes in a eukaryotic cell that are related either through direct contact or transfer of membranous vesicles