Bio Chp 345

Front 1

polar molecule

Back 1

opposite ends of the molecules have opposite charges

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cohesion

Back 2

binding together of like molecules by hydrogen bonds

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adhesion

Back 3

clinging of one molecule to another

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surface tension

Back 4

measure of how hard it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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kinetic energy

Back 5

energy of motion

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heat

Back 6

total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter

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temperature

Back 7

measures intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecule

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calorie

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amount of heat needed to raise 1g of water by 1degree celsius

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kilocalorie

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1000 calories is the amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of water by 1 degree celsius

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joule

Back 10

another energy unit 0.239 cal

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specific heat

Back 11

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost to change the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree celsius

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heat of vaporization

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quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted from liquid to gas

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evaporative cooling

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molecules with high kinetic energy are most likely to leave as a gas

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solution

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homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

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solvent

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dissolving agent of a solution

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solute

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substance dissolved in a solution

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aqueous solution

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water is the solvent

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hydration shell

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sphere of water molecules that surround each dissolved ion

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colloid

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stable suspension of particles in a liquid

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hydrophobic

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substances that are nonpolar and nonionic that repel water

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molecular mass

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total mass of all the individual atoms in a molecule

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mole

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represents exact # of objects, 6.022 x 10^23

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molarity

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# of moles of a solute per L of solution

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hydrogen ion

Back 24

single proton with a charge of +1

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hydroxide ion

Back 25

water molecule with loss of a proton

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acid

Back 26

substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration

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base

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substance that reduces hydrogen ion concentration

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pH

Back 28

negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration

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buffers

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substances that minimize changes in the hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide ion concentration in a solution

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acid precipitation

Back 30

caused by gaseous oxides in the environment reacting with water to form strong acids

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organic chemistry

Back 31

branch of chemistry that studies carbon containing compounds

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hydrocarbons

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organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen

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isomers

Back 33

same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different properties

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structural isomers

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same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their atoms

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geometric isomers

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same covalent partnerships but different spatial arrangements

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enantiomers

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molecules that are mirror images of each other

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functional groups

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components of organic molecules involved in chemical reactions

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ATP

Back 38

adenosine triphosphate is an energy-transferring molecule

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macromolecule

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giant cellular molecule with a mass of 100,000 daltons

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polymer

Back 40

long molecule of similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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monomer

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building blocks of polymers

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condensation reaction

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reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule

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hydrolysis

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reverse of condensation reaction, breaking bonds between monomers by adding water

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carbohydrates

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sugars and polymers of sugars

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monosaccharides

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simplest carbohydrate, serves as monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides

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disaccharide

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2 monosaccharides joined in a glycosidic linkage

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glycosidic linkage

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covalent bond formed between 2 monosccharides by dehydration reaction

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polysaccharide

Back 48

macromolecule, polymer of over a thousand monosaccharides formed by dehydration reaction

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starch

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storage polysaccharide of plants

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glycogen

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polymer of glucose

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cellulose

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major component of plant cell walls

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chitin

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carbohydrate that arthropods use to build their exoskeletons

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fat

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constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules glycerol and fatty acid

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fatty acid

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long carbon skeleton 16-18 carbons long with carboxyl group 1 end

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triacylglycerol

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3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule

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saturated fatty accid

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structure with no double bonds between carbons and as many hydrogen atoms as possible

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unsaturated fatty acid

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one or more double bonds between carbons formed by removal of H atoms from carbon skeleton

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phospholipid

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2 fatty acids attached to glycerol

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cholesterol

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steroid that serves as a precursor to other steroid synthesis

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enzymes

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protein that regulates metabolism

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catalysts

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chemical agents that speed up reactions without being consumed by them

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polypeptides

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polymers of amino acids

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protein

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consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific combinations

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amino acids

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monomers of proteins that contain carboxyl and amino groups

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peptide bond

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covalent bond between 2 amino acid units by dehydration reaction

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denaturation

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process in which protein unravels and loses its native conformation becoming inactive

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chaperonins

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protein molecules assist in folding of other proteins

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x-ray crystallography

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important method to determine protein's 3D structure

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gene

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unit of inheritance consisting of DNA

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nucleic acids

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consists of many nucleotide monomers

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polynucleotides

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polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers

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nucleotides

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basic structural unit for a nucleic acid. monomers of each polynucleotide

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pyrimidine

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6 membered ring of carbon and nitrogen

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purine

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large 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring

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ribose

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sugar component of RNA

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deoxyribose

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pentose connected to nitrogenous base in nucleotides of DNA

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double helix

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formed by DNA molecules that contain 2 polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary

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antiparallel

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2 sugar-phosphate backbones running in opposite directions of each other