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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plants exhibit ___ ___ which means unlike animals, plants continue to grow throughout their lives |
Indeterminate growth |
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To synthesis nucleic acids, enzymes, phospholipids, and the other molecules needed to build and maintain cells, plants must obtain ___, ___, ____, ___, and a host of other nutrients |
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium |
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A belowground portion called the ___ ___ anchors the plant and takes in water and nutrients from the soil |
Root system |
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An above ground portion called the ___ ___ harvests light and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce sugars |
Shoot system |
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Collectively, the root and shoot systems make up the ___ ___ |
Plant body |
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Root systems are diverse. This diversity can be analyzed on three levels. They are: |
1. Morphological diversity among species 2. Phenotypic plasticity, or changes in the structures of an individuals root system in response to the environment 3. Modified roots that are specialized for unusual functions |
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___ plants are seed plants that lack woody tissue-yet scarce enough to exclude trees and most shrubs |
Herbaceous |
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Roots show a great deal of ___ ___-meaning that their form is changeable, depending on environmental conditions. |
Phenotypic plasticity |
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Modified roots: ___ ___ anchor stems to walls and to other plants. They are adventitious. |
Anchor roots |
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Modified roots: ___ ___ stabilize the stem. They are adventitious. |
Prop roots |
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Modified roots: ___ allow gas exchange between roots and atmosphere |
Pneumatophores |
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Modified roots: ___ ___ store carbohydrates and other nutrients in their taproot for future use |
Storage roots |
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Some roots are ___-meaning they develop from an unusual source, the shoot system instead of the root system |
Adventitious |
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The shoot system: The shoot system consists of one or more ___, which are vertical above ground structures |
Stems |
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The shoot system: A stem consists of ___, where leaves are attached, and ___, or segments between nodes |
Nodes Internodes |
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The shoot system: A ___ is an appendage that projects from a stem laterally. They usually function as photosynthetic organs |
Leaf |
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The shoot system: The nodes where leaves attach to the stem are also the site of ___ (or ___) ___, which form just above the site of leaf attachment |
Axillary Lateral Buds |
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The shoot system: If conditions are appropriate, an axillary bud may grow into a ___-a lateral extension of the shoot system |
Branch |
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The shoot system: The tip of each stem and branch contains an ___ ___, where growth occurs that extends the length of the stem or branch |
Apical bud |
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The shoot system: If conditions are appropriate, apical or axillary buds may develop into ___ or other reproductive structures |
Flowers |
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___ are modified stems that grow horizontally along the soil surface, producing adventitious roots and leaves at each node |
Stolons |
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___ are stems that grow horizontally instead of vertically. They spread underground and store carbohydrates. |
Rhizomes |
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___ are underground, swollen rhizomes that function as carbohydrate-storage organs |
Tubers |
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___ are modified stems that help protect the plant from attacks by large herbivores |
Thorns |
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What’s an example of water-storage modified stems? |
Cactus stems |
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What’s an example of stolons? |
Strawberry stolons |
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What’s an example of tubers? |
Potatoes |
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The vast majority of photosynthesis occurs in the part of the shoot system called the ___ |
Leaf |
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A ___ ___ is composed of just two major structures: an expanded portioned called the blade and a stalk called the petiole |
Simple leaf |
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___ ___ have blades divided into a series of leaflets. |
Compound leaves |
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Leaves with large surface area lose large amounts of water through an evaporative process called ___ |
Transpiration |
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___ ___ are arranged on either side of the stem |
Alternate leaves |
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___ ___ are paired opposite each other on the stem |
Opposite leaves |
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___ ___ are arranged in a circle in each section |
Whorled leaves |
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Compact arrangement where internodes are extremely short leads to a ___ growth form |
Rosette |
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Not all leaves function primarily in photosynthesis; some perform other roles. These are ___ ___ |
Modified leaves |
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Modified leaves: ___ leaves store food |
Onion |
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Modified leaves: ___ ___ leaves store water |
Aloe Vera |
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Modified leaves: ___ ___ aid in climbing |
Pea tendrils |
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Modified leaves: ___ ___ leaves attract pollinators |
Red poinsettia |
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Modified leaves: Pitcher plants leaves ___ entering insects, use their hood to discourage insects from flying out, and then digest them |
Trap |
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What anatomy does a plant cell contain? |
Cell wall Plasma membrane Vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Plasmodesma |
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___ are the site of photosynthesis |
Chloroplasts |
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___, which contain an aqueous solution called ___ ___, stores wastes and in some cases digest wastes |
Vacuoles Cell sap |
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A ___ is a group of cells that functions as a unit |
Tissue |
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Plant tissues that consist of a single cell type are called ___ ___ |
Simple tissues |
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Tissues that contain several types of cells are termed ___ ___ |
Complex tissues |
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Plant tissues are grouped together into broader categories, the 3 tissue systems: |
Dermal tissue system Ground tissue system Vascular tissue system |
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___ ___ ___ consists of dermal tissue (skin). Also called the epidermis. It is the outmost layer of cells and represent the interface between the organism and the external environment |
Dermal tissue system |
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What is the dermal tissue systems primary function? |
In shoots-Protect plant from water loss, disease-causing agents, and herbivores In roots-Includes root hairs, and it functions primarily in absorbing water and nutrients |
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Epidermal cell’s in the shoot system fulfill their protective role in part by secreting the ___-a waxy layer that forms a continuous sheet on the surface of leaves and stems. This reduces the amount of water that stems and leaves lose by evaporation. |
Cuticle |
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The plant ___ forms the first line of defense against disease against disease-causing agents (pathogens) |
Epidermis |
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Most plants have structures called ___, which are pores that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit photosynthetically active tissue |
Stomata |
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A stoma is surrounded by two specialized ___ ___, which change shape to open or close the stoma. When stomata are open, water diffuses from the moist interior of the leaf to the surrounding atmosphere. Stomata close when conditions are dry. |
Guard cells |
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___ are hairlike appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells. Found in shoot systems. |
Trichomes |
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Depending on the species, Trichomes are able to: |
1. Keep the surface cool by reflecting sunlight 2. Reduce water loss by forming a dense mat that limits transpiration 3. Provide barbs or store toxic compounds that prevent herbivores 4. Trap and digest insects |
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Most photosynthesis, as well as most carbohydrate storage, takes place in the ___ ___ ___. Cells in this area are responsible for most of the synthesis and storage of specialized products (colorful pigments, hormones, and toxins for defense). Some play a role in structural support for shoot systems |
Ground tissue system |
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___ tissue is composed of parenchyma cell’s, which have thin primary cell walls and are most common and versatile ground tissue cells. Simple tissue. |
Parenchyma |
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___ ___ in leaves consists of its cells filled with chloroplasts, and is the primary site of photosynthesis |
Parenchyma tissue |
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Many parenchyma cell’s are ___, meaning they retain the capacity to divide and develop into a complete, mature plant. They are important in healing wounds. |
Totipotent |
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Is you cut a piece of stem from a coleus plant and place it in water, parenchyma cell’s will divide to produce a mass of undifferentiated cells called a ___ |
Callus |
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The cell’s of ___ tissue are characterized by an unevenly thickened primary cell wall and are longer and thinner than parenchyma cell’s. Also simple tissue |
Collenchyma |
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___ ___ is often found just under the epidermis of stems, especially outside vascular bundles. Their ability to stretch allows stems to flex in wind without tearing or breaking. |
Collenchyma tissue |
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The cell’s of ___ ___ are characterized by the presence of the thick, rigid secondary cell wall in addition to the relatively thin primary call wall |
Sclerenchyma tissue |
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Unlike the primary cell wall, the secondary cell wall contains the tough, rigid compound ___ in addition to ___ |
Lignin Cellulose |
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___ ___ can support actively growing parts of the plant because the primary cell wall is expandable. In contrast, the non-expandable secondary cell wall of ___ ___ specializes them for supporting stems and other structure after growth has ceased. |
Collenchyma cell’s Sclerenchyma cell’s |
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___ ___ are usually dead at maturity-meaning they contain no cytoplasm |
Sclerenchyma |
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Two types of sclerenchyma cells are recognized: ___ and ___ |
Fibers and sclereids |
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___ are extremely elongated |
Fibers |
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___ are relatively short, have variable shapes, and often function in protection |
Sclereids |
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The ___ ___ ___ functions in support and in long distance transport of water and dissolved nutrients in vascular plants. It also moves the products of photosynthesis that are made and stored in ground tissue |
Vascular tissue system |
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The vascular tissue system consists of two complex tissues ___ and ___ |
Xylem and phloem |
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___ conducts water and dissolved nutrients in one direction: from the root system to the shoot system |
Xylem |
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___ conducts sugar, amino acids, hormones, and other substances in two directions: from roots to shoots and from shoots to roots |
Phloem |
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The two types of water-conducting cells in xylem are ___ and ___ ___. They are dead at maturity and contain no cytoplasm. |
Tracheids Vessel elements |
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The sides and ends of tracheids have ___, which are gaps in the secondary cell wall where only the primary cell wall is present |
Pits |
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In addition to having pits, vessel elements have ___-openings in the end walls that lack both primary and secondary cell walls |
Perforations |
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In most vascular plants, phloem is made up primarily of two specialized types of cells: ___-___ ___ and ___ ___. Both are alive at maturity and lack secondary walls. |
Sieve-tube elements Companion cells |
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___-___ ___ are long, thin cells that have perforated ends called ___ ___. They are responsible for transporting sugars and other nutrients |
Sieve-tube elements Sieve plates |
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___ ___ provide materials to maintain the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of sieve-tube elements |
Companion cells |
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Plants grow throughout their lives because they have many ___-populations of undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis |
Meristems |
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___ ___ are located at the tip of each root and shoot. As cell’s in this area divide, enlarge, and differentiate, root and shoot tips extend the plant body outward, allowing it to explore new space |
Apical meristem |
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The division of apical meristem cell’s, differentiation of those cells, is responsible for ___ ___, which is common to all plants |
Primary growth |
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All of the cell’s and tissues that are derived directly from apical meristems constitute the ___ ___ ___ |
Primary plant body |
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Apical meristems give rise to three distinct primary meristems: |
Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium |
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___ gives rise to the dermal tissue system. Primary tissue is epidermis |
Protoderm |
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___ ___ gives rise to the ground tissue system, which makes up the bulk of the primary plant body. Primary tissue is Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma |
Ground meristem |
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___ gives rise to the vascular tissue system. Primary tissue is xylem and phloem |
Procambium |
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The dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems are derived from cells in ___ ___, which originated from ___ ___ |
Primary meristems Apical meristems |
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A group of cells called the ___ ___ protects the root apical meristem. In addition to protecting the root tip, it is important in sending gravity and determining the direction of growth. |
Root cap |
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___ ___ increases the length of roots and shoots; its major function is to extend the read of the root and shoot system and thus increase a plants ability to absorb light and acquire carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients |
Primary growth |
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In trees and other woody plants, ___ ___ increases the width of roots and shoots. It’s major function is to increase the amount of conducting tissue available and provide the structural support required for extensive growth |
Secondary growth |
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Secondary growth produces ___ and occurs only in species that have a cambium in addition to apical meristems |
Wood |
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A ___ is a special type of meristem that differs from an apical meristem |
Cambium |
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The main role of cork cambia is to produce ___ ___ toward the exterior. Together with the secondary phloem, the cork cambium and cork cell’s make up the ___ of a tree trunk |
Cork cells Bark |
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Gas exchange can still occur between the atmosphere and living tissues inside the trunk, through spongy openings in the bark called ___ |
Lenticels |
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The darker-colored, inner xylem region called ___ |
Heartwood |
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The lighter-colored, outer xylem is called ___ |
Sapwood |
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The ground tissue that the vascular tissue runs through is divided into two major regions: ___, the ground tissue that is toward the center of the stem, and ___, the ground tissues that is between the vascular bundles and the epidermis |
Pith Cortex |
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___ is the science of dating and studying tree growth rings |
Dendrochronology |
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What are three distinct populations of cells that exist behind the root cap? |
Zone of cellular division Zone of cellular elongation Zone of cellular maturation |
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The zone of ___ ___ contains the apical meristem, where cell’s actively divide, along with the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium, where additional cell division occurs |
Cellular division |
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The zone of ___ ___ is made up of cells that are recently derived from the primary meristems and that increase in length |
Cellular elongation |
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The zone of ___ ___ is where older cells complete their differentiation into dermal, vascular, and ground tissues |
Cellular maturation |
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The zone of ___ ___ is the region most responsible for the growth of roots through the soil. Their expansion provides the force that pushes the root cap and apical meristem through the soil. |
Cellular elongation |
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The darker-colored, inner xylem region called ___. Provides structural support but no longer transports water. |
Heartwood |
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The lighter-colored, outer xylem is called ___. Includes active water-conducting xylem tissue |
Sapwood |
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Vascular tissues are grouped into ___ ___, which form strands running the length of the stem |
Vascular bundles |
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The ground tissue that the vascular tissue runs through is divided into two major regions: ___, the ground tissue that is toward the center of the stem, and cortex, the ground tissues that is between the vascular bundles and the epidermis |
Pith Cortex |
