Bio Chem Notes 8/28

Front 1

atoms

Back 1

made up of subatomic particles
basic unit of elements
made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Front 2

ions

Back 2

charged atoms

Front 3

molecules

Back 3

linked atoms

Front 4

ions of same element

Back 4

an atom with differing protons

Front 5

different element

Back 5

an atom that gains or loses electrons

Front 6

isotope

Back 6

an atom that gains or loses neutrons

Front 7

radioactive isotopes

Back 7

decay spontaneously, give off particles and energy

Front 8

radioactive isotope uses

Back 8

tracing atoms thru metabolic processes
diagnosis medical disorders

Front 9

name the 3 elements in the periodic table that make up 90% of our body mass

Back 9

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Front 10

name the other essential elements of the body

Back 10

Nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfer, chlorine, and phosphorus

Front 11

name the trace elements

Back 11

chromium, manganese, selenium, molybdenum

Front 12

electronegativity

Back 12

the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself
increases as you move right and up the table

Front 13

inert

Back 13

elements with a full valence shell

Front 14

valence electrons

Back 14

outermost electrons
determines chemical behavior

Front 15

as an electron orbits farther from the nucleus energy does what?

Back 15

increases

Front 16

covalent bonds

Back 16

strongest bond
used in organic molecules
atoms share electrons to fill orbital shells
nonpolar and polar

Front 17

non polar covalent bonds

Back 17

H2
electrons are equally shared

Front 18

polar covalent bonds

Back 18

unequal sharing of electrons
contains charged poles

Front 19

hydrogen bonds

Back 19

occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom
usually oxygen or nitrogen

Front 20

van Der walls interactions

Back 20

electrons distributed asymmetrically in molecules or atoms can result in a hotspot of + or - charge
ex. geckos toe hairs and wall surface

Front 21

ionic bond

Back 21

electrons are transferred from on atom to another ; the resulting atoms are attracted to each other
ex. Na+ and Cl-

Front 22

are ionic bonds soluble in water?

Back 22

yes

Front 23

what determines a molecule's shape?

Back 23

position of its atoms' valence orbitals

Front 24

what chemical properties of water are necessary for metabolic processes?

Back 24

cohesion
moderation of temp
insulation of bodies of water by floating ice
universal solvent

Front 25

cohesion

Back 25

holding together of water molecules by hydrogen bonds
helps transport of water against gravity in plants

Front 26

adhesion

Back 26

attraction btwn different substances

Front 27

kinetic energy

Back 27

energy of motion

Front 28

heat

Back 28

measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion

Front 29

temp

Back 29

measures intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy of molecules

Front 30

calorie

Back 30

amount of heat required to raise temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

Front 31

kilocalories

Back 31

I kcal = 1000 calorie

Front 32

specific heat

Back 32

heat absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change temp by 1 degree C

Front 33

when does water resist thermal change?

Back 33

when specific heat is high

Front 34

heat can be absorbed when...

Back 34

hydrogen bonds break

Front 35

heat can be released when...

Back 35

hydrogen bonds form

Front 36

at what temp is water the most dense?

Back 36

4 degrees C

Front 37

solution

Back 37

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances

Front 38

solvent

Back 38

dissolving agent of a solution

Front 39

solute

Back 39

substance being dissolved

Front 40

hydration shell

Back 40

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

Front 41

hydrophilic

Back 41

attract water
large non dissolving molecules like colloids: such as bone, gelatin

Front 42

hydrophobic

Back 42

nonionic and non polar
lipids, fats, and oils
can't form hydrogen bonds

Front 43

polar covalent bonds

Back 43

-the shared electrons favor the more electronegative atom
-unequal sharing
-creation of a dipole
-occurs btwn non metals

Front 44

which bond has an electronegative difference of 0.5 to 1.7

Back 44

polar covalent bonds

Front 45

non polar covalent bond

Back 45

-occurs between non metals
-almost equal sharing of electrons

Front 46

what bonding has almost no electronegative difference? (0-0.4)

Back 46

non polar covalent bonds

Front 47

what bond has an electronegative difference greater than 1.8?

Back 47

ionic bonds

Front 48

ionic bonds

Back 48

-occurs btwn metal and nonmetal