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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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eukaryotic cells
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-have a defined nucleus
-evolved from prokaryotic cells |
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cell membrane
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-made up of a phospholipid bilateral
- contains embedded proteins, carbs, and lipids -membrane proteins regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell |
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smooth ER
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-involved in lipid synthesis
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rough ER
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-membrane sacs that contain ribosomes that build and process proteins
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mitochondria
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-produces the cells ATP
-"power house of the cell" -present in all cells except RBCs -has porous outer membrane and selectively permeable inner membrane - has cristae or invaginations to increase surface area -site of oxidative phosphorylation |
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nucleus
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-contains DNA that provides coded instructions for protein synthesis
-surrounded by nuclear envelope - contains genome |
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lysosome
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contains digestive enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, wastes and nucleic acids
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Golgi apparatus
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membrane sacs that package and process proteins after they leave the ER
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integral proteins
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-embedded in the membrane
-consist of carriers, pumps, enzymes, etc. -may have carb or lipid attachments |
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peripheral proteins
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-associated with membrane thru ionic interaction
-on or near membrane surface |
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glycoprotein
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-protein with carb attachment
-used for cell recognition |
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glycans or oligosaccharides
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-covalently attach to polypeptide side chains thru glycosylation
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phosphoglycerides
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-glycerol based phospholipids
-main structural component of biological membranes |
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phosphingolipids
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-protect cell surface against harmful environmental factors by forming a mechanically stable and chemically resistent outer layer of the plasma membrane
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name the functions of proteins in the plasma membrane
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-transport
-enzymatic activity -signal transduction -intercellular joining -cell-cell recognition -attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
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glycocalyx
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-layer of carbohydrate on cells outer surface
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cytoskeleton or microtrabecular lattice
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-contains microtubules and microfilaments used for support of cell
-binding surface for soluble nutrients |
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microvilli
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support for extracellular extensions
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extracellular matrix
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- made up of collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
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functions of the extracellular matrix
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- support
-adhesion -movement -regulation |
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ribosomes
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-particles of RNA and protein
-carry out protein synthesis in cytosol and outside of the ER |
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mitochondrial matrix
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-krebs cycle
-oxidation of fatty acids -ketones body formation and utilization |
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the endomembrane system consists of
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nuclear envelope
ER Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles plasma membrane connected by vesicles |
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receptors in the plasma membrane
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g protein receptors
receptor tyrosine kinases ion channel receptors |
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G protein coupled receptors
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-require a G protein
-G protein turns inactive if it is attached to a GDP |
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receptor tyrosine kinases
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- receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines
-may trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once -RTK abnormal functioning associated with cancers |
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ligand-gated ion channel
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- receptor acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape
-when a signal molecule binds to it, specific ions can pass thru |
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transduction
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cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cells
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G protein receptor process
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-signaling molecule attaches to receptor
-activates receptor and phosphorylate GDP to GTP -GTP now activates the molecule -interacts with enzymes -removes phosphorus and GTP goes back to GDP |
