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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Passive Transport |
Themovement of particles across a membrane without using cellular energy oDiffusion oFacilitatedDiffusion oOsmosis |
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Concentration Gradient |
twoareas separated by a membrane have different concentrations of a substance |
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Diffusion |
the process by whichmaterials move from a higher concentration to lower concentration •Doesnot useenergy•“With”Concentration Gradient •Substancesmoveuntil equilibrium is reached •Once equilibriumis achieved, particles continue to move back and forth in equal concentrations |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
materials move across themembrane through protein channels rather than directly through the membrane |
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Osmosis |
the movement of watermolecules across a membrane •Typeof facilitated diffusion;“with” the concentration gradient •Noenergy is required •Channelproteins are called aquaporins •Movesuntil equilibrium is achievedZ |
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Isotonic |
•concentrationsof two solutions (inside and outside cell) are the same •Watermoleculesmove in equal concentrations in both directions •Optimalfor animal cells |
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Hypertonic |
•theouter solution has a higher concentration of solute than the inside of the cell •Waterwill move out of the cell •Cellswill shrink/shrivel |
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Hypotonic |
•theouter solution has a lower concentration of solute than the inside of the cell •Waterwill move into the cell •Animalcells will take on a lot of water and can burst•Plantcells will take on water, but the cell wall prevents the cell from bursting •cards/create |
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ActiveTransport |
the movement of materials against the concentration gradient •Movementfrom low concentration to high concentration •Requirestheinput of energy •Proteinpumps are present in the cell membrane to facilitate this movement |
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Endocytosis |
•movement of materials into the cell byuse of infoldings/pocketsin the cell membrane•Phagocytosis=“cell eating” takes in large amounts of food•Pinocytosis=“cell drinking” take sin liquids from around the cell |
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Exocytosis |
release of large amounts of materialfrom a cell |
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UnicellularOrganisms |
•All unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis•Prokaryoticand Eukaryotic •Cellularorganelles perform homeostatic function• •Require water, food and minerals •Reproduce•Grow •Respond to their environment |
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MulticellularOrganisms |
•Cellsbecome specialized for particular tasks and communicate with each other tomaintain homeostasis. Cellsdo not live on their own = interdependence •Eachspecialized cell contributes to the organism’s homeostasis |
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Levelsof Organization |
•Tissue – agroup of similar cells that perform a particular function •Organ – agroup of tissues that work together•OrganSystem – a group of organs that all worktogether to perform a specific function |
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CellularCommunication |
•Cellssend chemical signals to each other•Signalscan speed up or slow down the activities of cells•Receptor – amolecule on the plasma membrane/cytoplasm to which a signal can bond•Somecells have junctions/gaps between them through which signals can be transmittedeasily. } |
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TheCell Theory |
•Cellsare the basic units of structure and function in living things •Allliving things are made up of cells •Allcells come from preexisting cells |
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EarlyMicroscopes |
RobertHooke viewedcorkunder a compound microscopeand coinedthe term “cell”. Antonvan Leeuwenhoek used a single lens microscope to view pond water and his ownmouth cells. |
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Microscopy |
Microscope –uses lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light or electrons. •The invention of the microscope hasallowed science to examine and study cells. •LightMicroscope •ElectronMicroscope •TransmissionEM (TEM) •ScanningEM (SEM)m |
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Prokaryotes |
cells that do not contain a nucleus to house the DNA |
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Eukaryotes |
•cells that do have a nucleus to enclose DNA•Examples:Animals, Plants, Fungi and Protists •Larger,more complex than prokaryotic•Containcellular organelles that perform specific functions |
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Organelle |
astructure inside a cell that preforms a specific function; example of order |
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Nucleus |
•Cellular “command center” that regulatesprotein synthesis •Contains DNA •Enclosed by nuclearenvelope/membrane |
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Nucleolus |
•Site of ribosome production •Inside the nucleus |
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Plasma Membrane |
semi-permeablemembrane that surrounds/protectsthecell and regulates passage of materials into/out of the cell•Composed of a phospholipid bilayer andproteins |
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Cell Wall |
strongand supportive layer surrounding the cell membrane to provide support,structure and protection. •Allowsmaterialsto pass through very easily•Foundin plants, algae, bacteria and fungi |
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Ribosomes |
small organelles that act as the site of protein synthesis |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
•Membranous structure continuous withnuclear envelope 1.RoughEndoplasmic Reticulum – studded with ribosomes which produce proteins ●SmoothEndoplasmic Reticulum – synthesize lipids and break down toxins (no ribosomes |
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Golgi Apparatus |
•Membranous stack of flattened sacksAltersand |
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Cytoplasm |
afluid-like substance within the plasma membrane (outside the nucleus) in whichother organelles are suspended. |
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Vacuoles |
storage organelles (water, proteins, salt) |
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Lysosome |
membranebound organelle filled with enzymes to break down large molecules and oldcellular material. |
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Mitochondria |
the“powerhouse” of the cell.•Converts chemical energy from food intouseable energy for cells.•Allorganisms |
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Chloroplasts |
captureenergy from the sun and convert it into food during the process ofphotosynthesis.•Plants and algae |
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Central vacuole |
storeswater, helps to maintain plant shape (found in plant cells) |
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Foodvacuole |
stores nutrients (animal cells) |
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stores nutrients (animal cells) |
--pumps water out to maintain a suitable concentration of water (in protists) |
