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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe structural protiens.
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-Maintain cell shape
-Internal/External support -Specialized functions: protection, insulation, locomotion, defense |
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What does a cytoskeleton do?
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Forms fibrous structure from protein subunits and provides structural organization and cell motility.
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What are the fiborous protein structures that makes up the cytoplasm?
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Microfilament, microtubule, and intermediate filaments
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What does collagen form?
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bones, ligaments, cartilage, tendons
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What happens when a bone is fossilized?
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proteins are replaced with minerals.
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How do proteins provide movement?
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muscle contractions relsult by sliding thin and thick protein filaments. The sliding action is powered by ATP.
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What is cellular metabolism?
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Chemical reactions that occur in the cell. They are catalyzed by enzymes.
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What is the process of biological catalysts?
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1. Each enzyme binds to specific subtrates.
2. Substrates are optimally aligned for the reaction to occur. 3. The enzyme releases the product and is ready for action again. |
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All enzymes are ________.
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Proteins (only a few exceptions.)
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How many enzymes does human cells have?
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30,000
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Do enzymes change in their reactions?
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No, they remain unchanged.
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What are some things that can affect how an enzyme works?
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Temperature, pH, and salt concentration.
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What does the active site of an enzyme bind?
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A substrate.
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Name some functions of enzymes.
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-Digestion, synthesis, and energy conversion.
-Regulation of biochemical reactions -Destroying invading organisms. |
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What are proteins the products of?
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Genes
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How many amino acids are there?
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20
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What does the structure of proteins depend on?
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The sequence of amino acids.
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What is mutation?
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A change in the DNA sequence.
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What are the function of red blood cells?
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To carry oxygen to tissue and they contain hemoglobin.
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What is oxygen carried by?
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hemoglobin
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Proteins make up what percentage of dry weight in animals?
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50%
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Who is Dr. James Herrick?
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He discovered sickle cell anemia in 1910
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Plasma is composed of what?
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16%-63% composed mainly of water and plasma proteins
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What are formed elements composed of?
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37%-54% composed mainly of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.
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Amino acids are the subunits or monomers of a:
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protein.
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A spider web is an example of a protein involved in:
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structure.
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The primary function of hemoglobin in the human body is to transport:
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oxygen.
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In hemoglobin, what is the metal ion that interacts with a hydrogen atom in order to accomplish the function of transporting oxygen?
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iron
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What is anemia?
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An insufficient number of red blood cells.
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Are covalent bonds stronger or weaker than noncovalent bonds?
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Stronger
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Amino acids link together to form:
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polypeptide chains
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What is the binding site on an enzyme for a specific substrate called?
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active site
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What do tendons and ligaments gain strength from?
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collagen fibers
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What does the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids during protein synthesis occur by?
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a condensation reaction
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What's the difference between hemoglobin S found in individuals with sickle cell anemia and normal hemoglobin A?
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-The amino acid sequences differ by one amino acid
-they have a different charge -when there are deoxygenated HbS forms a fibrous precipitate while HbA remains soluable. |
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What is an enzyme that digests proteins called?
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protease
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The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain that gives a protein its function is determined by the:
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amino acid sequence
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What is an enzyme?
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A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process.
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What are seven functions of protein?
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Enzymatic
Defense Transport Storage Structural Contraction Communication |
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What is blood composed of?
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About 55 percent of the blood is composed of plasma. The rest of the blood is made of three major types of cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
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What causes Malaria?
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it is an infectious disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
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What can trigger sickle cell attacks?
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The lowering of oxygen tension, either in the externam environment of in the local tissue environment, as a result of inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
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What causes sickle cell anemia?
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A structural change in the hemoglobin proteins, triggered by a reduction in oxygen tension.
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What is the name of the protein that transports iron?
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transferrin
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