Bio Chapter 2

Front 1

Substances that cannot be broken down by chemical means into smaller substances

Back 1

Elements

Front 2

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Back 2

Matter

Front 3

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of that element.

Back 3

Atom

Front 4

Positively charged, subatomic particles.

Back 4

Protons

Front 5

Negatively charged, subatomic particles.

Back 5

Electrons

Front 6

Neutral subatomic particles.

Back 6

Neutrons

Front 7

An atom's dense core that contains protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting it.

Back 7

Nucleus

Front 8

The six elements that make up the bulk of you.

Back 8

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium and Phosphorus

Front 9

A chemical bond formed between atoms by sharing electrons.

Back 9

Covalent Bond

Front 10

Atoms linked by covalent bonds.

Back 10

Molecules

Front 11

What causes carbon atoms to be versatile in forming molecules?

Back 11

They have four attachment, or bonding, sites.

Front 12

Type of molecules that make up living things on Earth.

Back 12

Organic Molecules

Front 13

What makes an organic molecule?

Back 13

A backbone of interconnected carbon atoms and at least one carbon attached to a hydrogen atom.

Front 14

Type of molecules that make up nonliving things on Earth.

Back 14

Inorganic Molecules

Front 15

Inorganic Molecules don't have this type of backbone bond.

Back 15

Carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen

Front 16

Atoms linked by covalent bonds

Back 16

Molecules

Front 17

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of solutions.

Back 17

Acid

Front 18

Building block, or monomer, of protein

Back 18

Amino Acid

Front 19

All the chemical reactions taking place in the cells of a living organism that allows it to obtain and use energy.

Back 19

Metabolism

Front 20

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of solutions.

Back 20

Base

Front 21

Water molecules sticking to water molecules through hydrogen bonding.

Back 21

Cohesion

Front 22

One chemical subunit of a polymer.

Back 22

Monomer

Front 23

A building block, or monomer, of a carbohydrate.

Back 23

Monosaccharide

Front 24

The ability to do work, including building complex molecules

Back 24

Energy

Front 25

A weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an atom with a partial negative charge.

Back 25

Hydrogen Bond

Front 26

Organic Molecules made up of linked nucleotide subunits; includes DNA and RNA.

Back 26

Nucleic Acids

Front 27

Water-fearing; molecules will not dissolve in water.

Back 27

Hydrophobic

Front 28

Building block, or monomer, of a nucleic acid

Back 28

Nucleotide

Front 29

A strong electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.

Back 29

Ionic Bond

Front 30

Organic molecules that generally repel water.

Back 30

Lipids

Front 31

Water molecules sticking to other surfaces through hydrogen bonding.

Back 31

Adhesion

Front 32

A measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution

Back 32

pH

Front 33

An organic molecule made up of one or more sugars.

Back 33

Carbohydrate

Front 34

Carbohydrate with multiple linked sugars.

Back 34

Polysaccharide

Front 35

A type of lipid that forms the cell membrane.

Back 35

Phospholipid

Front 36

A molecule in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms, causing a partial negative charge at one end and a partial positive change at the other.

Back 36

Polar Molecule

Front 37

Water-loving; molecules dissolve in water.

Back 37

Hydrophilic

Front 38

A molecule made up of individual subunits, called monomers, linked together in a chain.

Back 38

Polymer

Front 39

An electrically changed atom, the charge resulting from the loss or gain of electrons.

Back 39

Ions

Front 40

An infectious agent made only of protein.

Back 40

Prion

Front 41

The smallest unit of an element that cannot be chemically broken down into smaller units.

Back 41

Atom

Front 42

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, even when the external environment changes.

Back 42

Homeostasis

Front 43

Large organic molecules that make up living organisms. Includes carbonhydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Back 43

Macromolecules

Front 44

An organic molecule made up of linked amino acid subunits.

Back 44

Proteins

Front 45

A dissolved substance.

Back 45

Solute

Front 46

A substance in which other substances can dissolve; for example, water

Back 46

Solvent

Front 47

An infectious agent made up of a protein shell that encloses genetic information.

Back 47

Virus

Front 48

How do you find the mass number of an element?

Back 48

Add the number of protons to number of neutrons.

Front 49

The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid?

Back 49

Hydophilic Head

Front 50

The Hydrophobic part of a phospholipid

Back 50

The hydrophobic tail

Front 51

How many layers are in the cell membrane?

Back 51

Two layers, known as a phospholipid bilayer.

Front 52

When an atom loses an electron, what happens?

Back 52

It becomes positively charged.

Front 53

Glucose (a monosaccharide) has the molecular formula C6H12O6. How many carbon atoms are in each glucose molecule?

Back 53

6

Front 54

How does a sterol, such as cholesterol, differ from a triglyceride?

Back 54

Structurally, a sterol is made up of four connected carbon rings, while a triglyceride has three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol. Functionally, sterols serve as hormones or membrane components, while triglycerides serve as energy-storing molecules.

Front 55

Structurally, what do triglycerides and phospholipids have in common?

Back 55

Both have fatty acids bonded to a glycerol. They differ in the number of fatty acids, and whether or not a phosphate group is present.

Front 56

A cell is unable to take up or make sugars. Which molecule(s) will it be unable to make?

Back 56

Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids

Front 57

Not a generally recognized characteristic of most (if not all) living organisms?

Back 57

The ability to obtain energy directly from sunlight.

Front 58

Why is Homeostasis important to living organisms?

Back 58

It is important to maintain a relatively constant internal environment because many of the molecules and processes of life cannot function outside a narrow range of, for example, pH and temperature. Homeostasis helps maintain the conditions necessary for life.

Front 59

How would you assess whether or not a possibly living organism from another planet were truly alive?

Back 59

Answers will vary. In general, dead organisms will still have cells (or remains of cells), but will not be growing, reproducing, obtaining or using energy, or responding to their environment.

Front 60

The cell membrane is made of

Back 60

Phosopholipids and Proteins

Front 61

Why do phospholipids form a bilayer in water-based solutions?

Back 61

A bilayer represents a stable configuration in an aqueous environment

Front 62

Is Olive Oil hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Back 62

Olive oil does not mix with water, so is hydrophobic; it is made up of hydrophobic triglycerides.

Front 63

Is salt hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Back 63

Salt will dissolve in water, so is hydrophilic. When salt dissolves, the charged Na+ and Cl– ions can interact with the water molecules.

Front 64

As an acidic compound dissolves in water, the pH of the water

Back 64

Decreases

Front 65

The bond between the oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom in a water molecule is a(n) ___________bond.

Back 65

covalent

Front 66

What are the five functional traits of a life?

Back 66

Growth, Reproduction, Homeostasis, Sense and Respond to Stimuli, and Obtain and Use Energy