Bio Chapter 18

Front 1

advantages of asexual reproduction

Back 1

energetically efficient
faster
preserving winning allele combinations

Front 2

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Back 2

reduced genetic variance

Front 3

bryophyllum

Back 3

small plant lets grow right along the edges of leaves, eventuality dropping to the soil

Front 4

source of genetic variation in plants

Back 4

genetic materials come from 2 individuals
recombination during gamete production
reassortment of homologues

Front 5

sepals

Back 5

leaf like structures located at point where flower is connected to a main support structure of the plant

Front 6

petals

Back 6

just inside the ring of sepals, another ring of leaf like structures, help flower attract pollinators

Front 7

stamens

Back 7

move inward toward the center of the flower, male reproductive parts

Front 8

carpel

Back 8

the very center of the flower, and female reproductive parts

Front 9

purpose of male reproductive structure

Back 9

produce pollen grains, each grain a two cell structure that is water tight and sticky

Front 10

female gametes

Back 10

within ovary, diploid cells differentiate into ovules, each surrounds a diploid egg producing cell- megaspore mother cell, undergo meiosis to produce haploid megaspores, one hap megaspore undergoes mitosis several times to produce the embryo sac

Front 11

two strategies for achieving pollination

Back 11

briber- plants bribe animals to carry their pollen
( often nectar)
tricker- by coordinating changes in smell and temperature

Front 12

double fertilization

Back 12

pollen tube forms
sperm cells are produced
two fusions of male and female nuclei
endosperm and zygote form

Front 13

zygote

Back 13

diploid cell, that is a fusion of male sperm and female egg

Front 14

methods of reducing self fertilization

Back 14

separate male and female flowers- plants produce some flowers w/ only male or female reproductive parts

staggered maturation- flowers of some plants have male parts that develop before female parts

separate male and female plants- some plants within a population produce only male/ female reproductive parts

Front 15

what happens after fertilization within the ovule

Back 15

numerous cell divisions rapidly, developing embryo forms a root meristem and a shoot meristem, each of which is a cluster of active dividing embryonic cells,

shoot meristem and root meristem form

seed coating hardens around the cell

ovary develops into a fruit

Front 16

methods of fruit and seed dispersal

Back 16

hairy- seeds within fruits that have bushy hairs can float in the air
winged- seeds within fruits that have wing- like structures can float away from a tree as they slowly descend

tiny dust like- seeds that are tiny and light as dust are able t float in the air

explosive- seeds are propelled from the plant as the ripened fruits explode

Front 17

animal dispersed fruits and seeds

Back 17

animals act as dispersers simply by carrying or eating suits ( burrs caught in their fur)

consumed- seeds within fruits are consumed by animals

Front 18

seed germination

Back 18

seed, containing a new embryo and a supply of nutrients, begins to grow when the conditions for life are just right

water is absorbed

plant send root downwards, and up, second one with apical meristem near its tip

sunlight helps it grow through photosynthesis

Front 19

primary plant growth

Back 19

plants get taller

Front 20

secondary plant growth

Back 20

makes plants stronger and thicker

Front 21

totipotent

Back 21

have potential to develop into any type of cell the plant produces

Front 22

where does primary plant growth take place

Back 22

occurs at the apical meristems

Front 23

secondary growth produces _________

Back 23

wood

Front 24

pith

Back 24

soft spongy parenchyma cells, at the center of a cell,

Front 25

vascular cambium

Back 25

sandwiched between xylem and phloem, layer of lateral meristem cells

Front 26

second and third step of secondary growth

Back 26

cells of vascular cambium divide, producing a ring of cells closer to the center of the trunk called secondary xylem

cells of vascular cambium also produce a ring of cells to the outside called outside called secondary phloem