Bio Chapter 16

Front 1

aesthetic value

Back 1

bio diversity can be beautiful to look at and pleasant to experience

Front 2

utilitarian value

Back 2

biodiversity can provide materials or processes that makes our lives better

Front 3

symbolic value

Back 3

biodiversity can provide imagery that conveys meaningful abstract ideas

Front 4

naturalistic value

Back 4

biodiversity can provide the satisfaction that comes from direct contact with nature

Front 5

conservation biology

Back 5

is the interdisciplinary field that addresses how to understand and preserve the natural biological resources of the earth

Front 6

solfactors that influence species richness

Back 6

solar energy available
evolutionary history of an area
rate of environmental disturbance- floods fires volcanic eruptions

Front 7

biodiversity hotspots

Back 7

areas with significant reservoirs of biodiversity that are under threat of destruction

Front 8

4 areas of biodiversity hotspots

Back 8

tropical rainforest
coral reefs
islands
deep oceans

Front 9

endemic species

Back 9

exclusively native to a place

Front 10

theory of island biogeography

Back 10

designed to explain and predict patterns of species diversity on islands, two components: area effect- close relationship between the number of species inhabiting island and its size

distance effect- farther an island is from the mainland fewer species it holds

Front 11

two categories of extinction

Back 11

mass extinction- large number of species become extinct over short period of time
background extinctions- occur at lower rates during times other than mass extinctions

Front 12

factors that lead to background extinction

Back 12

extensive vs restricted- species restricted in their range are more vulnerable than those with extensive ranges

local population size: large versus small

habitat tolerance: broad versus narrow - depth of habitats a species can survive in

Front 13

an ecosystem disturbance is reversible when :

Back 13

disturbance alters biotic and abiotic nature of habitat

Front 14

invasive species

Back 14

species that are introduced and cause harm, referred to as invasive species

Front 15

most destructive invaders of north america

Back 15

zebra mussels- fresh water mussels - clog intake pipes of water treatment plants

Front 16

exotic species
problem:
cause

Back 16

exotic species can threaten native populations

often introd, on purpose or not by humasn.. may multiply, unchecked by predation, overwhelming competitors and irreversibly altering ecosystem

Front 17

acid rain
problem
cause

Back 17

it kills plants and aquatic animals, indirectly via changes in soil na dwater chemistry

burning fossil fuels releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, compounds form sulfuric and nitric aacids whem combined with water vapor

Front 18

greenhouse effect

Back 18

energy from the sun passes easily through the atmosphere to warm earth's surface

some energy is reflected back toward space and escapes the atmosphere

some absorbed by greenhouse gases and remains trapped in the atmosphere, heating the air

Front 19

increased greenhouse gas emissions
problem

cause

Back 19

average temp gone up past 60 years affecting both the physical environment and biological world

burning fossil fuels and clearing land to cultivate crops

Front 20

depletion of ozone layer
problem

cause

Back 20

high levels UV rays reach the earth -> more health problems in animals and decreased rate of photosynthesis in plants

Front 21

ozone depletion

Back 21

general reduction in amount of ozone in stratosphere adn formation of areas with very low ozone concentration due to synthetic chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons

increase in uvb light reaching the earth's surface

Front 22

disastrous disruptions
problem

cause

Back 22

tropical rain forests are being cleared at unprecedentedly high rates

land is cleared for ag, logging, gold mines, and oil wells

Front 23

reasons why deforestation is devastating

Back 23

tropical rain forests are biodiversity hotspots

tropical rain forests remove more carbon dioxide from atmosphere than any other terrestrial habitat

Front 24

endangered species act

Back 24

law that defines endangered species as those in danger of extinction

Front 25

landscape conservation

Back 25

identification of all of the most biologically distinct habitats on earth

Front 26

designing effective nature preserves

Back 26

larger rather than smaller preserves, circular rather than linear preserves
corridors- strips of land that allow gene flow and reduce inbreeding among distinct populations

buffer zones- areas where limited amounts of human use are permitted that surround a core natural preserve

Front 27

flagship species

Back 27

some species that can engender significant public support that are vulnerable , particularly charismatic or otherwise appealing

can engender significant public support

Front 28

keystone species

Back 28

disproportionate effect on biodiversity of a community, there removal can lead to massive changes in the composition of the ecosystem
- California mussels, grizzly bears

Front 29

indicator species

Back 29

species whose presence within an ecosystem indicates presence of a large range of other species

Front 30

umbrella species

Back 30

species with large needs for habitat and other resources, tend to be large wide ranging vertebrates