Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define life
|
The state or quality that distinguishes living being organisms from dead ones, and from inorganic matter. It is also characterized chiefly by metabolism, growth, and the ability to reproduce ad respond to life.
|
|
|
7 definitons of life
|
- Highly organized compared to natural in animate objects
- Homeostasis - reproduce - Growth and development from simple beginings - Take energy and matter from the enviorment and transform it - show adaptations to their enviorment |
|
|
which way does genetic information flow
|
From DNA to RNA (transcription), then from RNA to protein (translation)
|
|
|
Define Mutations
|
are mistakes in DNA that change the genetic plan from the previous generation
|
|
|
How are new cells created
|
by the division of existing cells
|
|
|
Name the 5 types of microsopes
|
-Light microscope
- Fluorescence microscope - Confocal microscope - Transmission electron microscope - Scanning electron microscope |
|
|
Who discovered cells
|
Robert Hooke
|
|
|
Who invented the early microscope
|
Van Leewenhoek
|
|
|
Who developed the thoery that all cells are descends of other cells
|
Virchow
|
|
|
First to describe the cell theory (2 people)
|
Schleiden and Schwann
|
|
|
4 major properties of cells
|
- seperated from their enviorment by a membrane
- Inherit and transmit genetic info - Carry out metabolism - Exhibits motility |
|
|
Two types of cells
|
- Prokaryotic
- Eukaryotic |
|
|
Define prokaryotes
|
- bacteria, archea
- no membrane bound organelles - no mitochodria - generally smaller and simpler - DNA cotains one chromosomes (circular) |
|
|
Define eukaryotes
|
- membrane bound orgenelles
- mitochodria - generally larger and more complex - DNA contains 1 or more linear chromosomes - consist of animals, plants, fungi, protists, and metazoans |
|
|
what do enables cells to compartmenatlize
|
Organelles
|
|
|
Plasma membrane
|
selective permeable barrier
|
|
|
Cell wall
|
found in plants, fungi, protist, and prokaryotic cells
- non selective, merely a structual support |
|
|
Nucleaus
|
blue print of a cell
contains most of the DNA nuclear envelope pores one or more nuceloid |
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Site of protiein synthesis
|
|
|
Endo plasmic reticulum
|
rough and smooth
|
|
|
Rough Er
|
secretes protein
membrane protein mambrane production |
|
|
Smooth Er
|
lipid synthesis
drug detoxification |
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
sorting processing, labeling, shipping
|
|
|
Mitochondrion
|
power house of the cell and is in all eukaryotic cells
|
|
|
Chloroplasts
|
site of photosynthesis and a type of plastid
|
|
|
lysosome
|
cells stomach, degradation of phagocytosis material and recycling
|
|
|
vacoules
|
larege membrane bound sacs, several types with differnet functions, food, contractile, central
|
|
|
Peroxisomes
|
Formation and break down of H2O2
fatty acid break down alchol metabolism |
|
|
Archeon
|
Any of a group of microorganisms that resemble bacteria but are different from them in certain aspects of their chemical structure, such as the composition of their cell walls.
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
commonly used name for any prokaryotic organism but more precisely refers to the eubacteria, the "true bacteria". One of the three major domains of life. Mostly single celled organisms
|
|
|
cell
|
basic unit of life
|
|
|
chromosome
|
thread like structure composed of DNA and associated protiens that carries the genetic information of an organism
|
|
|
cytosol
|
contents of the main component of cytoplasm excluding membrane bound organelles
|
|
|
cytoplasm
|
Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane, outside the nucleaus of eukaryotic cells
|
|
|
DNA
|
Deoxyribonucleic acid
double stranded covalently liked deoxyribonucleotide units. Store genetic information |
|
|
Eucaryote
|
living organism composed of one or more cells with a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm. Excludes, archaea and bacteria(procaryote) and viruses
|
|
|
Genome
|
The total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism.
|
|
|
homologuos
|
Describes organs or molecues that are similar becuase of their common evolutionary origin. Specifically it describes similarities between protien sequences or nucleic acid sequences
|
|
|
micrometer
|
Unit of measurement = 10^-6 meters
|
|
|
microscope
|
Instrument used for viewing cells
|
|
|
model organism
|
An organism selected for intensive study as a representitive of a large group of species
|
|
|
nanometer
|
Unit of measurement = 10^-9 meters
|
|
|
procaryote
|
Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus. They comprise the archea and the eubacteria, two of the three domains of life.
|
|
|
protein
|
The major macromolecular costituent of cells. Composed of large chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence.
|
|
|
protozoan
|
A member of the protzoa-free living, nonphotosynthetic single celled motile eucaryotic organism feed on other organisms
|
|
|
Acid
|
is the concentration H+ ions
|
|
|
amino acid
|
their are 20 amino acids they are the building blocks of protein. Bonded together with peptide bonds
|
|
|
base
|
is the concentration of OH- ions
|
|
|
Buffer
|
Any weak acid or base that can release or take up protons, and thereby serve to maintain the pH under a variety of conditions
|
|
|
chemical bond
|
Chemical affinity between two atoms that holds them togther
|
|
|
chemical group
|
Set of covalently linked atoms, such as a hydroxl group(-0H), or an amino group(-NH2) that occurs in many different molecules and the chemical behabior of which is well characterized
|
|
|
condensation reaction
|
Type of chemical reaction in which two organic molecules become linked to each other by a covalent bond with concmitant removal of a molecule of water
|
|
|
conformation
|
Spatial location of the atoms of a molecule relative to each other. The precise shape of a protein or other macromolecule in three dimensions
|
|
|
covalent bond
|
Stable chemical link between two atoms produced by sharing one or more pairs of electrons
|
|
|
electrostatic attraction
|
Attractive force that occurs between oppositely charged atoms. (ionic bonds, polar covalent bonds)
|
|
|
fatty acid
|
Compound such as palmitic acid that has a carboxylic acid attaced to a long hydrocarbon chain. Primary source of energy during metabolism and as a starting point for the synthesis of phospholipids.
|
|
|
hydrogen bond
|
A weak non-covalent chemical bond between an electronegatice atom such as nitrogen or oxygen and a hydrogen bound to another electronegative atom
|
|
|
ionic bond
|
Attractive force that holds together two ions, one positive, the other negative
|
|
|
macromolecules
|
molecule such as a protein, nucleic acid, or polysaccharide with a molecular mass greater than a few thousand daltons
|
|
|
monomer
|
Small molecule that can be linked to others of a similar type to form a larger molecule(polymer)
|
|
|
noncovalent bond
|
Chemical bond in which, in contrast with a covalent bond, no electrons are shared. Noncovalent bonds are relatively weak. (hydrogen/Van der Waals interactions)
|
|
|
nucleotide
|
Nucleoside with a series of one or more phospate groups joined by an ester linkage to the sugar moiety. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.
|
|
|
polar
|
a molecule or covalent bond in a molecule in which bonding electrons are attracted more strongly to specific atoms, Thereby creating an uneven (or polarized) distribution of electric charge
|
|
|
polymer
|
Large and usually linear molecule maed by the repetitibe assembly using covalent bonds. of multiple identical or similar subunits
|
|
|
activated carrier
|
A small molecule used to carru energy or chemical groups in many different metabolic reactions(ATP, acetal CoA. NADH)
|
|
|
anabolism
|
reaction pathways by which large molecules are made from smaller ones, Biosynthesis
|
|
|
biosynthesis
|
The formation of complex molecules from simple substances by living cells
|
|
|
catabolism
|
General term for the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell by which complex molecules are degraded
|
|
|
Catalyst
|
The acceleration of a chemical reaction due to the presnce of a substane that is un changed after the reaction
|
|
|
coupied reaction
|
One of a linked pair of chemical reactions in which free energy released by one reaction serves to drive the other reaction
|
|
|
entropy
|
Thermodynamic quality that measures the degree of disorder in a sytem. higher the entropy the more disorder
|
|
|
metabolism
|
The sum total of the chemical reactions that take place in the cells of a living organism resulting in growth ,division, energy production, excretion of waste, and so on
|
|
|
NAD+, NADH
|
Acitivated carrier molecule that participates in in an oxdiation reaction by acceptin a hydride. creating a energy producing breakdown of sugar molecules
|
|
|
NADP+ NADPH
|
A carrier molecule closely related to NADH used as an electron donor in biosynthetic pathways, in the process it is oxidized.
|
|
|
respiration
|
in take of oxygen and production of CO2
|
|
|
Acitive site
|
Specialized region of an enzyme surface to which a substate molecule binds before it undergoes a catalyzed reaction
|
|
|
allosteric
|
a protien that can have two or more conforrmations
|
|
|
antibody
|
Protien produced by B lyphocytes in respons to a foreign moelcule or invading organism. Binds to the foreign molecule or cell extremely tightly. Thereby inactivating it or marking it for destruction.
|
|
|
antigen
|
Molecule that provokes the production of specific nuetralization antibodies in an immune response
|
|
|
conformation
|
The precise shape of a protien or other macromolecule in three dimension
|
|
|
dislufide bond
|
Covalent linkage formed between two sulfhydryl groups on cysteines. Common way to join two proteins or to link together different parts of the same protein in the extracelluar space
|
|
|
feedback inhibition
|
A form of metabolic control in which the end product of a chain of enzymatic reactions reduces the activity of an enzyme early in the pathway
|
|
|
ligand
|
General term for a molecule that binds to a specific site on a protien
|
|
|
proteomics
|
The large scale study of protiens, investigating, may differentproteins in a cell or tissue simultaneously
|
