Bio (Chapter 1)

Front 1

Name the 7 characteristics of life.

Back 1

1. Organims grow and develop.

2. Organisms adapt to their environment.

3. Organisms reproduce

4. Organisms regulate own metabolic activities

5. Organisms take in energy.

6. Organisms react to stimuli.

7. Organisms consist on cells.

Front 2

Name the biological organisation in order.

Back 2

1. Atoms

2. Molecules

3. Organelles

4. Cells

5. Tissue

6. Organ

7. Organ system

8. Organism

9. Ecosystem

10. Biosphere

Front 3

Whats the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Back 3

Organic

1. Have a living origin.

2. Large number of carbon atoms ( H,O,N,P).

3. Large and complex molecules.

Inorganic

1. Don't have living origin.

2. Don't contain carbon except for CO², CO, CN.

3. Simple molecules.

Front 4

Name 5 important elements need by living things.

Back 4

1. Carbon

2. Oxygen

3. Hydrogen

4. Sodium

5. Iron

Front 5

Name 3 essential elements for inorganic compounds.

Back 5

1. Water.

2. Minerals.

3. Acids, bases & salts.

Front 6

Name 3 facts about water.

Back 6

1. 70% human body.

2. Solvent & medium in which most biological reactions take place.

3. Habitat for many organisms.

Front 7

What is it called when water molecules form hydrogen bonds ?

Back 7

Strong intermolecular forces.

Front 8

What are strong intermolecule forces responsible for ?

Back 8

Cohesion and adhesion forces.

Front 9

Whats the difference between adhesion and cohesion forces ?

Back 9

Cohesion forces - cling to same molecules.

Adhesion forces - cling to other molecules.

Front 10

What are substances that are water loving and water soluble?

Back 10

Hydrophilic

Front 11

What are substances that are water scared and do no dissolve in water ?

Back 11

Hydrophobic

Front 12

Whats the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic ?

Back 12

Hydrophilic - water loving and water soluble.

Hydrophobic - scared of the water and don't dissolve in water.

Front 13

Why are minerals important ?

Back 13

Important for functioning of cells, metabolic processes and bodys general well-being.

Front 14

What are the minerals called that we need large quantities daily.

Back 14

Macronutrients.

Front 15

What are the minerals called that we only need small quantities of?

Back 15

Micronutrients.

Front 16

Whats the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients ?

Back 16

Macronutrients- minerals needed in large quantities daily.

Micronutrients- minerals that you only need small quantities daily.

Front 17

What pH is gastric juice and HCL in the stomach ?

Back 17

Acidic

Front 18

What is the pH of the small intestine?

Back 18

Alkaline

Front 19

pH scale ?

Back 19

Indicates degree of acidity/alkalinity.

Front 20

Blood has a constant pH of what ?

Back 20

+- 7,4

Front 21

Too acidic ?

Back 21

Coma/ death

Front 22

Too alkaline?

Back 22

Nerve problems.

Front 23

What do organisms have ?

Back 23

Buffers

Front 24

What is buffers ?

Back 24

Substance/s counteracting pH changes.

Front 25

How do electrolytes form ?

Back 25

Form when salt dissolves in water and conduct electric currents.

Front 26

What are electrolytes important for ?

Back 26

In nerve impulses and muscle functioning.

Front 27

Organic compounds ?

Back 27

Organic molecules are usually polymers consisting of smaller building blocks , the monomers.

Front 28

Name 3 organic compounds.

Back 28

1. Carbohydrates.

2. Fats and oils (Lipids).

3. Proteins.

Front 29

Give 3 examples of carbohydrates.

Back 29

1. Sugar ( source if energy for cells )

2. Starch ( source of energy for cells )

3. Cellulose (found in plant cell walls )

Front 30

What is the purpose for cellulose in plant cell walls ?

Back 30

Strength, shape and protection.

Front 31

What is the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Back 31

Monosaccharides

Front 32

What is monosaccharides ?

Back 32

Simple sugars.

Front 33

Carbohydrates are made up of what elements ?

Back 33

C, H, O

Front 34

Carbohydrates are divided into 3 groups, name them.

Back 34

Monosaccharides (one saccharide)

Disaccharides (two monosaccharides)

Polysaccharides (many monosaccharides)

Front 35

What is the ratio of H atoms to O atoms ?

Back 35

2:1 meaning when is there is 20 H atoms there will be 10 O atoms

Front 36

Name the 3 types of monosaccharides.

Back 36

1. Glucose

2. Fructose

3. Galactose

Front 37

What do monosaccharides look like ?

Back 37

Single ring structures.

Front 38

Glucose ?

Back 38

- Stored as starch in plants and as glycogen in animals.

- energy source for living organisms.

Front 39

Where is fructose found ?

Back 39

Found in fruit and honey and is sweeter than glucose.

Front 40

Galactose ?

Back 40

Part of disaccharide lactose (milk sugar).

Front 41

Disaccharides?

Back 41

2 monosaccharides

Front 42

Give 3 types of Disaccharides.

Back 42

1. Glucose + glucose = MALTOSE (malt sugar)

2. Glucose + fructose = SUCROSE( cone sugar )

3. Glucose + galactose = LACTOSE ( milk sugar )

Front 43

What are Polysaccharides?

Back 43

Macromolecules with 1000's of inter connected monomers.

Front 44

What are the 3 types of polysaccharides ?

Back 44

1. Starch

2. Glycogen

3. Cellulose

Front 45

Starch ?

Back 45

Usual form of carbohydrates.

Front 46

Give two types of starch.

Back 46

1. Amylose

2. Amylopectin

Front 47

Glycogen ?

Back 47

- Form of reserve carbohydrates stored in animal cells.

- Insoluble in water.

Front 48

Where is glycogen stored?

Back 48

Stored in muscle and liver cells.

Front 49

Cellulose ?

Back 49

- part of plant cells.

- insoluble in water.

Front 50

What is cellulose important for ?

Back 50

Important in diets as roughage for peritalsis.

Front 51

What can digest cellulose?

Back 51

Only micro-organisms.

Front 52

Chitin?

Back 52

In exoskeleton of insects and fungi cell walls.( structure related to cellulose)

Front 53

Draw the carbohydrates summary chart.

Back 53

Front 54

Whats another word for Fats and oils ?

Back 54

Lipids

Front 55

What elements does lipids contain ?

Back 55

C, H, O

Front 56

Give 3 functions of lipids.

Back 56

1. Insulation.

2. Energy storage.

3. Important component of cell membranes.

Front 57

How is lipids formed ?

Back 57

Formed from 1 glycerol (alcohol) + 3 fatty acids.

Front 58

What are the building blocks of lipids ?

Back 58

Glycerol and fatty acids.

Front 59

Lipids are ?

Back 59

Insoluble in water meaning they hydrophobic.

Front 60

What are the 2 different fats ?

Back 60

Saturated and unsaturated fats.

Front 61

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.

Back 61

Saturated - no double bonds (solid at room temp.)

Unsaturated - has double bonds (liquid at room temp.)

Front 62

What is this called and lable

Back 62

Front 63

Name 4 healthy fats and there reasons.

Back 63

1. Omega-3 ( for normal metabolic reactions )

2. Vitamins A, D, E, K ( only soluble in fat )

3. Phospholipids ( form cell membrane )

4. Cholesterol ( important for cell membranes )

Front 64

What can too much cholesterol cause ?

Back 64

Plaque in blood vessals.

Front 65

Unsaturated fats ?

Back 65

Liquid at room temperature and is mainly in plants like sunflower oil and olive oil.

Front 66

Saturated fats ?

Back 66

Solid at room temperature and is mainly in animal fats.

Front 67

Name the two types of carbon atoms.

Back 67

Pentose sugars

- ribose

- deoxyribose

Hexose sugars

- glucose

- fructose

- Galactose

Front 68

What elements does proteins contain ?

Back 68

C, H ,O, S , N and FE

Front 69

What is proteins made from?

Back 69

Amino acids ( monomers )

Front 70

What are proteins involved in and name 4.

Back 70

Cellular functions

- structure

- cell membrane

- protection

- growth

Front 71

All enzymes = ? And give 3 things that make them the same.

Back 71

Proteins

- need specific temperature + pH levels.

- heat = denature , cold = inactive.

- best temp in human body = 37°C

Front 72

Amino acids bind by ?

Back 72

Peptide bonds

Front 73

2 amino acids =

3 amino acids =

3+ amino acids =

50+ amino acids =

Back 73

Bipeptide

Tripeptide

Polypeptide

Protein

Front 74

Bipeptide =

Tripeptide =

Polypeptide =

Protein =

Back 74

2 amino acids

3 amino acids

3+ minor acids

50+ amino acids

Front 75

What are the two things that can produce there own amino acids?

Back 75

Bacteria and plants

Front 76

What can bacteria and plants produce?

Back 76

There own amino acids

Front 77

What is the sequence called in which amino acids occur ?

Back 77

Primary structure

Front 78

Primary structure?

Back 78

The sequence in which amino acids occur

Front 79

Proteins are sensitive to temperature and pH explain what happens at high and low temps.

Back 79

High temps - denatured protein (destroy protein).

Low temps - inactivate the protein.

Front 80

What is a protein ?

Back 80

A protein is a polymer with amino acids as monomers.

Front 81

How are polymers formed ?

Back 81

By condensation synthesis which is when amino acids join together + H²O molecule is released.

Front 82

How are proteins broken down ?

Back 82

By hydrolysis ( adding water)

Front 83

Secondary and tertiary structures?

Back 83

Shape of polypeptide

Front 84

What are the 2 reactions controlled by enzymes ?

Back 84

Proteins are formed when animo acids are joined together + H²O molecule is released and proteins are broken down by hydrolysis.

Front 85

What are enzymes ?

Back 85

Enzymes are proteins that act as a biological catalyst.

Front 86

What are biological catalysts?

Back 86

- speed up biochemical reactions without taking part or undergoing any changed.

Front 87

What are the toxins that permantly inhibit enzymes?

Back 87

Lead, mercury and cyanide

Front 88

Enzyme activity?

Back 88

Work with a lock-and-key mechanism.

Front 89

Draw the lock-and-key model.

Back 89

Front 90

In the enzyme activity the substance formed during the reaction is called the ?

Back 90

Product

Front 91

Reactions in enzyme activity can be what ?

Back 91

Anabolic : building up

Catabolic : breaking down

Front 92

Non protein part ?

Back 92

Prosthetic group

Front 93

Co-factors = ?

Co-enzymes = ?

Back 93

Co-factors = inorganic prosthetic group with many minerals Co-enzymes = organic prosthetic group with many vitamins

Front 94

Nucleic acids ?

Back 94

Transfer genetic information and determine the types of protein produced by a cell.

Front 95

Give the two types of nucleic acids .

Back 95

Ribosnucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 96

What are enzymes a good example of that we use in out daily Iives?

Back 96

Biotechnology.

Front 97

Give 3 examples of biotechnology that is used daily in out households.

Back 97

1. Detergents

2. Food and beverages

3. Leather

Front 98

Vitamins ?

Back 98

Organic compounds essential for the metabolic reactions.

Front 99

What are the 2 groups of vitamins ?

Back 99

Fat soluble = (A,D,E,K)

Water soluble = (B+C)

Front 100

Give the source, function and effects of deficiency for vitamin A.

Back 100

Source = milk and green/yellow vegetables.

Function = healthy skin

EOD = night blindness

Front 101

Give the source, function and effects of deficiency for vitamin B¹.

Back 101

Source = liver , meat and leafy vegetables.

Function =co-enzyme needed for carbohydrates.

EOD = beri-beri and weak cardiac muscles.

Front 102

Give the source, function and effects of deficiency for vitamin B³.

Back 102

Source =liver , meat and leafy vegetables.

Function = Co-enzyme in amino acid and metabolism.

EOD = reactions in cells are blocked.

Pellagra.

Front 103

Give the source, function and effects of deficiency for vitamin C.

Back 103

Source = strawberries and tomatoes.

Function = maintains connective tissue and health of blood vessels.

EOD = scurvy

Front 104

Give the source, function and effects of deficiency for vitamin D.

Back 104

Source = egg yolk and milk.

Function = promotes strong muscle and teeth.

EOD = rickets

Front 105

Give the source, function and effects of deficiency for vitamin E.

Back 105

Source = nuts and leafy vegetables.

Function = protection against aging.

EOD = damage to nervous system.

Front 106

Give the source, function and effects of deficiency for vitamin K.

Back 106

Source = leafy vegetables.

Function = synthesis of proteins for clotting of blood.

EOD = clotting of blood.

Front 107

RDA = ?

FDA = ?

Back 107

RDA = recommended daily allowance

FDA = food+drug administration.