Bio Chap 8

Front 1

General equation for photosynthesis

Back 1

6 CO2 (gas) + 12 H2O (liquid) + photons -> C6H12O6 (aq) + 6 O2 (gas) + 6 H2O (liquid)

Front 2

Provides electrons to photosystem I

Back 2

photosystem II

Front 3

Provides electrons to photosystem II

Back 3

oxidation of H2O

Front 4

What powers ATP synthase during photosynthesis

Back 4

proton gradient

Front 5

Final product in photosynthesis pathway, before krebs

Back 5

NADP+ Reductase

Front 6

Flow of electrons in photosynthesis

Back 6

H2O -> photosystem II reaction center -> primary acceptor reaction center -> plastoquinone -> b6-f complex -> plastocyanine -> photosystem I -> primary acceptor reaction center -> pharodoxine -> NADP+ Reductase

Front 7

Photosynthesis

Back 7

synthesis of glucose from sunlight, carbon dioxide, H2O, w/ O2 as waste product, most important biochemical pathway known, occurs in photoautotrophs

Front 8

Photoautotrophs

Back 8

organisms that do photosynthesis, provide nutrition for all other forms of life (except for other autotrophs like chemotrophs)

Front 9

2 stages of photosynthesis

Back 9

light dependent and calvin cycle (light-independent)

Front 10

Calvin cycle

Back 10

carboxylation of Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate (RuBP) to form Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate (G3P) to yield sucrose, starch, cellulose

Front 11

Rubisco with O2

Back 11

photorespiration, catalyzes reaction of O2 with RuBP, producing 1 3-PGA and toxic 2C 2-phosphoglycolate

Front 12

3 phases of the calvin cycle

Back 12

carboxylation, reduction, regeneration

Front 13

Photorespiration

Back 13

rubisco oxidizes RuBP with addition of O2, stoma are closed due to hot, dry conditions, creates low CO2, high O2

Front 14

Rubisco and CO2

Back 14

carboxylation occurs, favored under normal conditions

Front 15

Stomata (Stoma)

Back 15

openings in leaf epidermis that open and close to allow in CO2 and conserve H2O

Front 16

Level at which photorespiration starts

Back 16

below 50 ppm

Front 17

Enzyme C4 plants use to capture CO2

Back 17

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase

Front 18

PEP carboxylase

Back 18

in mesophyll, adds CO2 to 3C molecule phosphoenolpyruvate to make 4C oxaloacetic acid, reverses process to release CO2 and prevent photorespiration

Front 19

C4 pathway

Back 19

PEP >> (PEP carboxylase) >> oxaloacetate (in mesophyll) >> malate (transport to bundle sheath cells)>> decarboxylation to produce pyruvate & CO2

Front 20

C4 plants

Back 20

have PEP carboxylase enzyme and produce more sugar than C3 plants by preventing photorespiration, requires additional 12 ATP/glucose compared to calvin cycle alone (C3 plants)

Front 21

C4 advantageous conditions

Back 21

when photorespiration would remove more than HALF of C fixed by usual C3 pathway alone

Front 22

C3 plants

Back 22

primary carboxylation produces 3PGA (phosphoglycerate) directly in Calvin cycle

Front 23

Examples of C4 plants

Back 23

corn, sugarcane, sorghum

Front 24

CAM plants

Back 24

have both C4 pathway (stomata open at night) and Calvin cycle (stoma close in the day), but both in mesophyll cells

Front 25

CAM CO2 storage

Back 25

CO2 fixed at night with PEP carboxylase, stored in vacuole, during day, organic acids are carboxylated to yield CO2

Front 26

CAM examples

Back 26

succulent, water-storing plants, cacti, pineapples

Front 27

C4 plants solution

Back 27

special solution – C3 and C4 pathways occur in different cells

Front 28

Temporal solution

Back 28

CAM plants solution

Front 29

Resources for Calvin Cycle

Back 29

ATP, NADPH from photosystems 1 & 2, CO2 either directly from stoma or thru C4 pathway