Bio Chap 6

Front 1

What is energy

Back 1

The capacity to do work

Front 2

What is kinetic energy? give an example on the cellular level

Back 2

The energy ffrom anything that is in motion.
EX: Lysosomes move during the recycling process. They are performing work

Front 3

What is potential energy? give an example on the cellular level

Back 3

Stored energy or the potential to do work
EX: Cells store energy obtained through food to use for activities later.

Front 4

What is the relationship between kinetic and potential energy?

Back 4

Potential energy is needed for kinetic energy

Front 5

What is the first law of thermodynamics? Give an example in a living system

Back 5

Energy can bo transferred and transformed but not created of destroyed.
EX: a plant consume light energy and uses that energy to grow

Front 6

If energy cannot be destroyed why do living organisms need a constant input of energy?

Back 6

Our energy is released when we use it to to work. We then need to replenish that energy inorder to perform more work

Front 7

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Back 7

Every energy transformation increases entropy in the universe.

Front 8

What is entropy

Back 8

Disorder or randomness

Front 9

Describe a specific spontaneous event in terms of total energy and entropy changes.

Back 9

In a spontaneous even, total energy is given up and entropy increases

Front 10

Edfine free energy , what is the equation and what do the two terms represent

Back 10

The portion of a systme's energy that can perform work when temperature in uniform throughtout.

Change G= (Change H) - T(Change S)

H: systems total energy
G: Free energy
S: entropy

Front 11

Describe a specific spontaneous even in terms of the free energy of the initial and final states

Back 11

In a spontanious reactions, freee energy is given up in the final state

Front 12

What is Change G and is the value positive or negative in a spontaneous reaction?

Back 12

This is the difference in the amount of free energy in the final and initial states of a reaction. If it is negative then the reaction is spontaneous

Front 13

Define exergonic

Back 13

A net release of energy. Change G is less than 0

Front 14

Define endergonic

Back 14

a net absorption of energy. Change G is positive

Front 15

What is the relationship b/w the change in G of a reaction and it's displacement from equillibrium

Back 15

When the change in G is = 0, it has reached equillibrium. If a cell has reached metabolic equillibrium it is dead.

Front 16

What is metabolism

Back 16

the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

Front 17

What is catabolism

Back 17

the breaking down of complex substances to simple products with a net release of energy. This is exergonic and spontaneous

Front 18

What is anabolism

Back 18

the building of complex molecules from simpler ones. A net absorption of energy. This is endergonic and nonspontaneous.

Front 19

What is meant by coupling in refernece to catabolic and anabolic processes?

Back 19

Catabolism is a spontaneous reaction. When catabolsm finishes, it releases energy. This energy is used to start the reactions of the anabolic pathways. So, one reaction loss of energy is another reactions gain.

Front 20

What molecule transfers energy b/w catabolic and anabolic reactions

Back 20

ATP

Front 21

desrcibe the structure of ATP

Back 21

There are 3 phospates groups attached to the ribose, which is bonded to adenine

Front 22

what is an enzyme

Back 22

a catalytic protein

Front 23

Wht is the activation energy and how does it affect the rate of a reaction

Back 23

Ther energy for starting a reaction that is needed to break bonds in the reactant molecule. This speeds the rate of reaction.

Front 24

what is the transition state

Back 24

This is the point wen the free energy of a reaction is increaseing and has reached the point where it will start to decrease

Front 25

Why should cells need enzymes

Back 25

an enzyme speeds a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier so that the transition state can be reached

Front 26

What is a substrate

Back 26

the reactant an enzyme acts on

Front 27

Describe the induced fit model of substrate binding

Back 27

as the substrate binds to the protien, the protein induces a change in the shape of the protein that xauses the active site to embrace

Front 28

list the steps in the catalytic cycle

Back 28

1. Substrate binds to the active site creating weak
2. Substrate is converted to products
3. Products are released frm enzyme
4. Active site is available for another molecule of substrate

Front 29

What happens to enzyme activity when substrate concentration increases

Back 29

There is more of a chance for substrates to bind to enzymes so therefor enzyme activity increases

Front 30

What happens to enzyme activity when temperature increases

Back 30

Molecules move more rapidly causing substrate binding to occur more frequently

Front 31

What happens to enzyme activity when temperature increases dramatically

Back 31

enzyme activity decreases because the bonds are disrupted by the high temperatures. This causes denaturation

Front 32

What is the optimum pH for enzyme activity

Back 32

6-8

Front 33

Where do competitive inhibitors bind on an enzyme

Back 33

at the active site, permanently blocking any substrates from binding

Front 34

Where do non competitive inhibitors bind on an enzyme

Back 34

not at the active site

Front 35

What happens to an enzyme when a non competitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme

Back 35

it causes the enzyme to changes shape, making the active site less receptive to the substrates

Front 36

Competitive inhibitors are _____________ inhibitors

Back 36

non reversible

Front 37

non competitive inhibitors are _____________ inhibitors

Back 37

reversible

Front 38

What type of bond is involved in competitive inhibitor binding

Back 38

covalent

Front 39

what is an allosteric site

Back 39

a site on an enzyme remote from the active site. This is where a non competitive inhibitor binds

Front 40

Catbolism:anabolism :: exergonic:____________

Back 40

endergonic

Front 41

Most cells connot harness heat to perform work because....

Back 41

termperature is usually uniform throughout the cell

Front 42

if an enzyme solution is saturate with substrate, the most effective way to obtain an even faster yield of product is to add more ________

Back 42

enzymes

Front 43

how does ATP transfer energy from exergonic to endergonic processes in the cell

Back 43

BY phosphorylation. The addition of phosphate groups which transfers the energy to endergonic processes by phosphorylating other molecules