Bio Chap 32

Front 1

describe/define an animal

Back 1

animals multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

Front 2

be able to describe the early steps in animal development

Back 2

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Front 3

know the structures and tissue layers associated with a gastrula

Back 3

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Front 4

know why animals are considered to be closely related to choanoflagellates

Back 4

DNA sequence data indicate that choanoflagellates and animals are sister groups. In addition, signaling and adhesion genes previously known only from animals have been discovered in choanoflagellates,researchers hypothesize that the common ancestor of living animals may have been a stationary suspension feeder, similar to present-day choanoflagellates.

Front 5

briefy describe the early radiations of animals

Back 5

Ediacaran biota- fossils are members of an early group of multicellular eukaryotes, first generally accepted macroscopic fossils of anmals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old, some are sponges while others may be related to living cnidarians

Front 6

briefly describe the early radiations of animals cont...

Back 6

Cambrain explosion- when animal diversification appeared to have accelerated dramatically from 535 to 525 million years ago during the cambrian period of the paleozoic era, many hypotheses to suggest how it happened, many distinctive fossils had hard mineralized skeletons

Front 7

know that anmals body plans are characterized by symmetry, the number of tissues and their types, and the condition of the body cavity

Back 7

symmetry (radial symmetry-must be equal on four sides instead of two)(Bilateral symmetry- has a left and right side only one cut instead of four)

Front 8

Tissues types and some organs/organ systems derived from them

Back 8

ectoderm-the germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and in some phyla to the central nervous system
Endoderm-the innermost germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube or ARCHENTERON and gives rise lining of the difestive tract and organs such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates
Diploblastic- animals that have only these two germ layers, all bilaterally symmetrical animals have a third germ layer called the MESODERM (which is between the ectoderm and endoderm)
Triploblastic-having three germ layers(animals with bilateral symmetry are also triploblastic), in triploblasts the mesoderm from the muscles and most their organs between the digestive tract and the outer covering of the animal.

Front 9

be able to descrbe the difference between acoelomate, coelomate, and pseudocoelomate organisms and be able to give an example of an organism for each type of body cavity

Back 9

Body cavity-def-a fluid or air filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body will(also known as coelom), animals that possess a true coelom are coelomates, animals that have a pseudocoelom are pseudocoelomates, triplobastic animals lack a body cavity altogether are acoelomates (p660) LOOK FOR EXAMPLES

Front 10

be able to describe the similarities and differences between protostome and deuterostome development

Back 10

Cleavage
Protostome- spiral cleavage, in which the planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo smallers cells lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells
Deuterostome-(radial cleavage)- the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo; the tiers of cells are aligned, one directly above the other (indeterminate cleavage)- meaning that each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

Front 11

differences between protostome and deuterostome (coelom formation)

Back 11

during gastrulation, an embryo's developing difestive tube initally forms as a blind pouch, the archenteron, which becomes the gut. as the archenteron forms in protostome development, initially solid masses of mesoderm split and form the coelom. in contrast in deuterostome development the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and its cavity becomes the coelom P661

Front 12

fate of the blastopore

Back 12

Ultimately, the blastopore and this second opening become the two openings of the digestive tube (mouth and anus). In protostome development the mouth generally develops from the first opening, the blastopore. In deuterostome development, the mouth is derived from the secondary opening, and the blastopore usually forms the anus

Front 13

be able to describe the similarities and differences between animal phylogenies derived from morphological/developmental data versus genetc/molecular data

Back 13

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