Bio Chap. 3

Front 1

Macromolecules

Back 1

An extremely large molecule. Refers specifically to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Front 2

Monomers

Back 2

Simple molecules that can join together to form polymers.

Front 3

Polymer

Back 3

A large molecule formed of long chains of similar molecules called subunits.

Front 4

Enzymes

Back 4

A protein capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the energy required to activate or start the reaction but that remains unaltered in the process.

Front 5

Hydrolisis

Back 5

The process of tearing down a polymer by adding a molecule of water. A hydrogen is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl to the other, which breaks the covalent bond. Essentially the reverse of a dehydraation reaction.

Front 6

Proteins

Back 6

A long chain of amino acids linked end to end by peptide bonds. Because the 20 amino acids that occur in proteins have side groups with very different chemical properties, the function and shape of a protein is critically affected by its particular sequence of amino acids.

Front 7

Peptide Bonds

Back 7

A covalent bond linking two amino acids. Formed when the positive (amino, or NH2) group at one end and a negative (carboxyl, or COOH) group at the other end undergo a chemical reaction and lose a molecule of water.

Front 8

Polypeptides

Back 8

A general term for a long chain of amino acids linked end to end by peptide bonds. A protein is a long, complex polypeptide.

Front 9

Primary Structure

Back 9

The sequence of amino acids that makes up a particular polypeptide chain.

Front 10

Secondary Structure

Back 10

The folding and bending of a polypeptide chain, which is held in place by hydrogen bonds.

Front 11

Tertiary Structure

Back 11

The three-dimentional shape of a protein. Primarily the result of hydrophobic interactions of amino acid side groups and, to a lesser extent, of hydrogen bonds between them. Forms spontaneously.

Front 12

Quaternary Structure

Back 12

A term to describe the way multiple protein subunits are assembled into a whole.

Front 13

Nucleotide

Back 13

A single unit of nucleic acid, composed of a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a purine or a pyrimidine.

Front 14

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Back 14

The basic storage vehicle or central plan of heredity information. It is stored as a sequence of nucleotides in a linear nucleotide polymer. Two of the polymers wind around each other like the outside and inside rails of a circular staircase.

Front 15

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Back 15

Contain the sugar ribose in which four of the five carbons bond to a hydroxyl group (-OH) and it contain the uracil nucleotide. A long strand of nucleotides. Carries DNA information to the protein-making machinery in the cell.

Front 16

Carbohydrate

Back 16

An organic compound consisting of a chain or ring of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached in a ratio of approximately 1:2:1. A compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen having the generalized formula (CH2O)n where "n" is the number of carbon atoms.

Front 17

Monosaccharide

Back 17

A simple sugar.

Front 18

Disaccharide

Back 18

A sugar formed by linking two monosaccharide molecules together. Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide formed by linking a molecule of flucose to a molecule of fructose.

Front 19

Polysaccharide

Back 19

A sugar polymer. A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain.

Front 20

Lactose (milk) and Sucrose (sugar)

Back 20

What are two transport disaccarides?

Front 21

Starch (potatoes and grain) and Glycogen (muscles and liver)

Back 21

What are two storage polysaccarides?

Front 22

Cellulose (plants) and Chitin (crustaceans, external skeletons)

Back 22

What are two structural polysaccarides?

Front 23

Lipids

Back 23

A loosely defined group of molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in oil. Oils such as olive, corn, and coconut are these, as well as waxes, such as beeswax and earwax.

Front 24

Fatty Acid

Back 24

A long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Front 25

Saturated Fats

Back 25

Fats whose fatty acid chains are composed of the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Front 26

Unsaturated Fats

Back 26

Fats composed of fatty acids with double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms. Contains fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Front 27

Hydrogenated Fats

Back 27

Articficially made fats. Industries add hydrogen in order to extend the shelf life of products like peanut butter.

Front 28

Trans Fats

Back 28

A type of unsaturated fat linked to heart disease.

Front 29

Steroid

Back 29

Cholesterol is a type of lipid called this.

Front 30

Phospholipids, cholesterol, rubber, waxes, and light-absorbind pigments

Back 30

What are other import biological lipids?

Front 31

Phospholipid

Back 31

A special type of lipid that is important because it forms boundary layers in cells called membranes.

Front 32

Saturated

Back 32

What are most animal fats?

Front 33

Unsaturated

Back 33

What are most plant fats?

Front 34

Glucose

Back 34

Transported within some organisms as a disaccaride. In this form, it is less readily metabolized because the normal kind of this enzymes of the organism cannot break the bond linking the two monosaccaride subunits.

Front 35

Polysaccarides

Back 35

Organisms store energy in long chains of glucose molecules call this...Found in starches

Front 36

Glycogen

Back 36

In animals, glucose is stored as this...it consists of long chains of glucose that coil up in water and are insoluble. These chains are long and highly branched. Can be stored in muscles and liver.

Front 37

Cellulose

Back 37

This is a structural polysaccaride found in the cell walls of plants. It cannot be broken down easily.

Front 38

C, H, and O atoms

Back 38

What are carbohydrate molecules made of?

Front 39

Starch

Back 39

The glucose polysaccaride that plants use to store energy.

Front 40

Glycogen

Back 40

in animals, eneergy is stored in this as a highly insoluable macromolecule formed of glucose polysaccharides that are very long and highly branched.

Front 41

Polysaccaride cellulose

Back 41

This is found in cell walls of plant cells and is composed of glucose subunits.

Front 42

Nucleotides

Back 42

This is composed of three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic nitrogenous base.

Front 43

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA only) , Uracil (RNA only)

Back 43

What are the five nitrogenous bases of nucleotides?

Front 44

Only two base pairs are possible

Back 44

What is important to remember about the double helix structure of DNA?

Front 45

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
(A-T) and (G-C)

Back 45

What pairs are in a DNA double helix?

Front 46

DNA molecule

Back 46

This is composed of two polynucleotide chains twisted together to form a double helix.

Front 47

Enzymes

Back 47

Globular proteins that help particular chemical reactions to occur in the cell. When the polypeptide folds correctly into this surface, it has a groove or depression that precisely fits a particular molecule.

Front 48

Denatured

Back 48

If the polar nature of the protein's environment changes either by increasing temperature or lowering pH, both of which alter hydrogen bonding, the protein may unfold. When this happens, the protein is said to be...

Front 49

They become biologically inactive

Back 49

What happens to a proteins during the denaturation process?

Front 50

It determines the protein's function

Back 50

The shape of a protein is very important because it determines...

Front 51

The protein's structure

Back 51

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide determines...

Front 52

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Back 52

What are the four general levels of protein structure?

Front 53

Quaternary Structure

Back 53

Two or more polypeptide chains associated together form what kind of structure?

Front 54

Hair, nails, feathers, and components of horns

Back 54

What do structural proteins such as keratin form?

Front 55

Bones, tendons, and cartilage

Back 55

What do structural proteins such as collagen form?

Front 56

Actin and myosin, which are present in muscles

Back 56

What do contractile proteins form?

Front 57

Red blood cells, which contain the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the body

Back 57

What do transport proteins form?

Front 58

White blood cells, which destroy foreign cells in the body and make antibody proteins that attack invaders

Back 58

What do defensive proteins form?

Front 59

Chains of amino acids that fold into complex shapes

Back 59

What are proteins made up of?

Front 60

Structure and function

Back 60

The sequence of amino acids determines a protein's_______ and _______.

Front 61

Polypeptides

Back 61

What are built from amino acid monomers?

Front 62

A nucleic acid polymer, such as a strand of DNA

Back 62

What is built from nucleotide monomers?

Front 63

A carbohydrate polymer, such as a starch molecule

Back 63

What is built from monosaccaride monomers?

Front 64

A lipid polymer, such as a fat molecule

Back 64

What is built from fatty accids?

Front 65

Polymers

Back 65

What are built from monomers?

Front 66

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 66

A covalent bond is formed between two subunits in which a hydroxyl group (OH) is removed from one subunit and a hydrogen (H) is removed from the other

Front 67

Organic Molecules

Back 67

These are formed by living organisms and consist of a carbon-based core with special groups attached.

Front 68

Functional Groups

Back 68

These tend to act as units during chemical reactions and confer specific chemical properties on the molecules that possess them.

Front 69

Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Back 69

What are the four different bodies of organisms contained in different kinds of organic molecules.

Front 70

By the linking together os subunits, called monomers, to form larger polymers

Back 70

How are macromolecules formed?

Front 71

Amino Acids

Back 71

Subunits that link together to form polypeptides

Front 72

Nucleotide Monomers

Back 72

These are linked together to form mucleic acids.

Front 73

Monosaccaride Monomers

Back 73

These are linked together to form carbohydrates.

Front 74

Fatty Acids

Back 74

These are the monomers that link together to form a type of lipid called fats.

Front 75

Polymers

Back 75

This is formed by the dehydration process

Front 76

Proteins

Back 76

These are produced by linking together amino acid subunits that form a chain called polypeptide.

Front 77

20

Back 77

How many different acids are found in proteins?

Front 78

They differ by what is attached to the "R" group

Back 78

How do amino acids differ in the type of functional group attached to the core?

Front 79

Peptide Bonds

Back 79

Amino acids are linked together with covalent bonds referred to as...

Front 80

The sequence of amino acids with the polypeptide

Back 80

What is the primary structure of the protein?

Front 81

Helix (coiled shape) or Pleated sheets

Back 81

The chain of amino acids can twist or pleat into secondary structures called these...

Front 82

Structural Framework and Energy Storage

Back 82

What are carbohydrates for?

Front 83

Amino acids, Simple Sugars, and Nucleotides

Back 83

What monomers make up organic molecules?

Front 84

Structure and Function

Back 84

Amino acids determine what two things?

Front 85

Structure and Energy

Back 85

Carbohydrates are use for what two things?

Front 86

Starch and Cellulose

Back 86

What two carbohydrates are found in plants?

Front 87

Energy Storage and for Some Hormones

Back 87

Lipids are use for what two things?

Front 88

Hydroxyl Group

Back 88

Found on sugars and alcohol (carbohydrates) (OH-)

Front 89

Carboxyl Group

Back 89

Found on amino acids (proteins) (COOH-)

Front 90

Amino Group

Back 90

Found on amino acids (proteins) (NH2+)

Front 91

Phosphate Group

Back 91

Found on nucleic acids (DNA & RNA), phospholipds and ATP (PO4 3-)