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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lens
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Light Microscope (LMs)
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Subcellular structures
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Organelles
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Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface
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Electron Microscope (EM)
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Especially useful for detailed study of the surface of a specimen
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM
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Aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen, similar to the way a light microsocpe transmits light through a slide
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
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Taking cells apart and seperating the major organelles from one another
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Cell Fractionation
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An instrument used to fractionate cells
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Centrifuge
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A semifluid substance inside the cell membrane
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cytosol
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Functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell
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plasma membrane
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Network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other symthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Double membrane closing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER
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Nuclear envelope
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Nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes
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Nucleolus
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Material consisting of DNA and proteins; visable as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell
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Chromatin
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Membrane enclosing the cell
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plasma membrane
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Nonmembranous organelles (small brown dots) that make proteins; free in cytoplasm or bound to rouh ER or nuclear envelope
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Ribosomes
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Organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products
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Golgi apparatus
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Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
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Lysosome
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Organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
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Mitochondrion
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Organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide
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Peroxisome
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Projections that increase the cell's surface area
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Microvilli
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Reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components are mode of protein
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Cytoskeleton
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Region whree the cell's microtubules are inititated; in an animal cell, contains a pair of centrioles
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Centrosome
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Location organelle present in some animal cells; composed of membrane-enclosed microtubules
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Flagellum
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Prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth
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Central vacuole
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Membrane enclosing the central vacuole (plants)
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Tonoplast
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Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells (plants)
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Plasmodesmata
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Outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein
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Cell wall
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Region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; lacks centrioles in plant cells
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Centrosome
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Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell
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nucleus
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Encloses the nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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Netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
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nuclear lamina
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structures that carry the genetic information
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chromosomes
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a complex of proteins and DNA, makes up chromosomes
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chromatin
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prominents structure within the nondividing nucleus; rRNA is synthesized from the DNA here
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nucleolus
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particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein; organelles that carry out protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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extensive network of membranes that accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells; consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
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endoplasmic reticulum
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outer surface lacks ribosomes
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smooth ER
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has ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane and thus appears rough
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rough ER
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What are the functions of smooth ER?
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syntehsis of lipids, metabolism of carbyhydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions
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Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
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glycoproteins
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Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
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transport vesicles
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What are the functions of rough ER?
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specialized cells secrete proteins produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER; the ER keeps these proteins seperate; and it is a membrane factory for the cell
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The center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, snd shipping. Products of ER are modified and stored then sent to other destinations.
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Golgi apparatus
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