Bio Ch 9

Front 1

Joint

Back 1

(= articulation)

a point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage or between bone and teeth

Front 2

Arthro

Back 2

joints

Front 3

Kinesiology

Back 3

the study of movement of the human body

Front 4

Joint classification

Back 4

joints are classified structurally based on their anatomical characteristics. joints are classified functionally based on the kind of movement they permit

Front 5

Fibrous joints

Back 5

do not have a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are held together with fibrous connective tissue

(these allow little to no movement - types: fibrocartilage)

Front 6

Sutures

Back 6

a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue connects the bones of the skull

functionally, this kind of joint is called a synarthrosis, i.e. an immovable joint (these joints tend to ossify with age to form a synostosis)

Front 7

Syndesmoses

Back 7

a fibrous joint which has a greater distance between articulating bones than sutures and more fibrous connective tissue

(ex: the sheen of connective tissue that connects the tibia and fibula)

Front 8

Fibula

Back 8

these joints are slightly movable (ex: amphiarthorosis)

Front 9

Gomphosis

Back 9

where a cone shaped peg fits into a socket

(ex: connecting the jaw to teeth, synarthrosis)

Front 10

Cartilaginous joints

Back 10

do not have a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are connected with cartilage

(these allow little to no movement)

Front 11

Synchondroses

Back 11

contains hyaline cartilage

(ex: the epiphyseal plates)

Front 12

Symphyses

Back 12

a broad flat disk of fibrocartilage connects the bones

(ex: intervertebral disks and symphysis pubis)

(are amphiarthroses)

Front 13

Synovial joints

Back 13

a space called the synovial cavity lies between the articulating bones

- these are considered to be freely movable

- functionally, freely movable joint is called a diarthrosis

- the bone ends of these joints are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage

Front 14

Articular capsule

Back 14

surrounds the synovial joint to form the synovial cavity

- two layers

a. outer layer is the fibrous capsule, often contains ligaments

b. inner layer is the synovial membrane

Front 15

Synovial fluid

Back 15

a thick fluid that lubricates and nourishes joint surfaces

(secreted by the synovial membrane)

Front 16

Accessory ligaments

Back 16

some joints contain ligaments inside or outside the joint cavity

Front 17

Meniscus

Back 17

(= articular disc)

a pad of fibrocartilage that lies between certain articulating bones)

(ex: knee joint)

Front 18

Bursae

Back 18

tiny fluid filled saclike structures around certain joints that help reduce friction caused by movement

(things between tendons and bones - fluid filled pads)

Front 19

Bursitis

Back 19

inflammation of a bursa

Front 20

Tendon sheaths

Back 20

a tube like bursa that wraps around certain tendons

(these help reduce friction where tendons pass through synovial cavities)

Front 21

Flexion

Back 21

a decrease in the angle between articulating bones (of a joint)

Front 22

Extension

Back 22

an increase in the angle between articulation bones, or to restore a body part to the anatomical position

Front 23

Hyperextension

Back 23

a continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position (going beyond the anatomical position)

Front 24

Abduction

Back 24

the movement of a bone away form the midline (away from the body)

(the midline for the hand is the middle finger)

(the midline for the foot is the second toe)

Front 25

Adduction

Back 25

movement of a bone toward the midline (toward the body)

Front 26

Circumduction

Back 26

movement of the distal (farther away from point of origin) end of a body part in a circle

(requires movement in more than one plane of motion - more than one muscle)

Front 27

Rotation

Back 27

when a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

Front 28

Opposition

Back 28

bringing the tips of the first and fifth digits together

Front 29

Sprain

Back 29

damage to a joint that tears ligaments, but does not dislocate bones. can cause significant damage to surrounding tissues

(strain = tendon injury)

(sprain = ligament injury)

(easier for a tendon to heal than a ligament)

Front 30

Dislocation

Back 30

(also means a sprain is involved)

a displacement of a bone from a joint. this results in the tearing of the articular capsule and adjacent tissues

Front 31

Osteoarthritis

Back 31

degenerative disorder of synovial joints where the articular cartilage is gradually lost

(associated with normal "wear and tear" on joints)

(calcium deposits around the joint to create "spurs")

Front 32

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 32

an autoimmune disorder (the body attacks its own tissues with antibodies)

(this disorder usually occurs bilaterally)

(often leads to joint fusion)

(affects both sides of the body equally)

Front 33

Gouty arthritis

Back 33

a metabolic disorder associated with the buildup if uric acid (a waste product in nucleic acid metabolism)

(nucleic acid comes from eating a previously living thing - animal meat)