Bio Ch 7

Front 1

Aerobic respiration

Back 1

nutrients are catabolized to Co2 & H2O. Includes a series of redox rcns. Gluose-oxdzed, oxygen-reduced

Front 2

Free energy in respiration

Back 2

Any free energy released is coupled to ATP synthesis

Front 3

3 types pf rcns in respiration

Back 3

dehydrogenation, decarboxylation, preparation rcns.

Front 4

Dehydrogenation

Back 4

in which 2 hydrogen atoms are removed from substrate & transferred to NAD+ or FAD.

Front 5

Decarboxylation

Back 5

Part of a caraboxyl group is removed from the substrate as a molecule of CO2.

Front 6

Preparation rcns

Back 6

molecules undergo changes so they can undergo further decarboxylations or dehydrogentations

Front 7

Glycolysis (overview)

Back 7

doesn't require oxygen. Consists of 6 carbons and is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate.Take place in cytosol.
net yield: 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Front 8

1st phase of glycolysis

Back 8

"Investment of ATP".
(1)In 2 phosphorylation rcns a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to the sugar.
(2)This breaks down into 2 molecules of G3P.

Front 9

2nd phase of glycolysis

Back 9

Each G3P is converted to pyruvate.
(1) Each G3P is oxidized by the removal of 2 electrons.
(2)These electrons combine with NAD+ to make 2 NADH molecules.
(3) some ATP forms

Front 10

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 10

Phosphate group is transferred to ADP from phosphorylated intermediate.

Front 11

Glycolysis gains and losses

Back 11

-2 ATP invested, 4 produced, net gain: 2
-2 NAD+ molecules invested, 2 NADH molecules produced
-4 ATPS produced in substrate-level phosphorylation.
-2 pyruvates produced.

Front 12

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA

Back 12

Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation.
(1) a carboxyl group is removed as CO2, which diffuses out of the cell.
(2) Then it is oxidized. NAD+ accepts the electrons.
(3) this attatches with an acetyl group and coenzyme A to becomes acetyl Coenzyme A.

Front 13

Citric acid cycle

Back 13

Matrix of mitochondria.
(1) acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
(2) Citrate loses 2 carboxyl groups as CO2
(3) oxoacelate is regenerated

Front 14

for every acetyl group that enters citric cycle...

Back 14

- 3 molecules of NADH
- 1 FADH2
- 1 ATP
- 2 CO2

Front 15

to metabolize one glucose

Back 15

the citric cycle must turn twice

Front 16

Electron transport chain

Back 16

Electrons are passed from one acceptor molecule in redox rcns. Exergonic.

Front 17

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 17

ATP is synthesized using the energy released from oxidation-reduction reactions in an ETC.

Front 18

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 18

ATP is synthesized using the energy released during an enzyme-catalyzed in which a substrate is converted to a product.

Front 19

Electron carriers

Back 19

each exists in an oxidized form or a reduced form. Each e- loses some energy going along the chain.

Front 20

Cytochromes in ETC

Back 20

iron-containing proteins that transfer e-.

Front 21

O2 in ETC

Back 21

all e- are donated to oxygen and unite with protons to make water.

Front 22

deprivation of O2

Back 22

No more ATPs can be produced. ATP in glycolysis isn't enough to sustain life.

Front 23

Cyanide

Back 23

Binds to the iron in that last cytochrome, making it unable to transport e- to O2.

Front 24

Chemiosmosis

Back 24

Some of the energy produced transporting e- in ETC is used to move protons across a membrane.

Front 25

ATP synthase

Back 25

A protein that uses the protons energy to make ATP, when they pass thru this ptotein. Exergonic b/c entropy of system increases.

Front 26

NADH and FADH2

Back 26

1 NADH= 3 ATP
1 FADH2= 2

Front 27

NADH shuttles

Back 27

these shuttles transfer the e- of NADH to the ETC.

Front 28

Net ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 28

4

Front 29

Net ATP via oxidative phosphorylation from NADH during glycolysis

Back 29

4 or 6

Front 30

Net ATP via oxidative phosphorylation during pyruvate->coA

Back 30

6

Front 31

Net ATP via oxidative phosphorylation of NADH during the citric acid cycle.

Back 31

18

Front 32

Net ATP via oxidative phosphprylation of FADH2 during the citric acid cycle

Back 32

4

Front 33

Total ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

Back 33

32 or 34

Front 34

Fermentation

Back 34

Certain bacteria use this anaerobic pathway which doesn't involve the ETC. Only 2 ATP is formed for every glucose. The pathways whi pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Front 35

Glycolysis in aneatobic conditions

Back 35

NADH is converted back to NAD and recyled again.