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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tenets of Modern Cell Theory
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-Every living organism is made of one or more cells
-The smallest organisms are made of single cells while multicellular organisms are made of many cells -All cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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plasma membrane
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encloses all cells and regulates material flow
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Cytoplasm
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the fluid interior where a cell’s metabolic reactions occur
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Prokaryotic
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blended together structure of cell- no nucleus, etc
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Eukaryotic
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-Heterogeneous structure of cell
-A variety of membrane-enclosed organelles perform specific functions -The cytoskeleton provides shape and organization |
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DNA
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hereditary blueprint
-all cells use |
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RNA
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copy DNA to make proteins
-all cells use |
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Cytoskeleton and purpose
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Provides shape and organization
-Maintaining and changing cell shape -Providing for cell movement -Providing for organelle movement, including vesicle endo- and exocytosis -Facilitating cell division in chromosome movements and cytokinesis |
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why plant cells are different
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they due photosynthesis, have chloroplasts, plastids, central vacuoles, centrioles, cell walls
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plant cell wall layers
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Primary cell walls in plants are outermost
Secondary cell walls are innermost Cell walls of adjacent cells joined by middle lamellae |
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Cytoskeleton forms a network of
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protein fibers within the cytoplasm
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microfiliments
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hold things in place and are a series of roadways for things to move on
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Cilia and Flagella
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-Extensions of the plasma membrane
-Composed of microtubules in a “9+2” arrangement formed by centrioles which become membrane-anchored structures called basal bodies -Cilia are short and numerous while flagella are long but few in any cell |
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3 main parts of the nucleus
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-Nuclear envelope
-Chromatin (DNA) -Nucleolus (dark area of excessive genetic material) |
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Chromosone
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chromatin (DNA) tightly wound
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nuclear envelope
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-Separates chromosomes from cytoplasm
-Envelope is a double membrane with nuclear pores for transport -Outer membrane is studded with ribosomes |
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nucleolus
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-Darker area within the nucleus
-Functions as the site of ribosome synthesis --Ribosomes synthesize proteins |
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plasma membrane
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isolates cell and allows for regulation of transport
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vesicles
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membranous sacs that transport substances among the separate regions of the membrane system
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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-forms a series of enclosed, interconnected channels within cell
-Rough and Smooth |
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Smooth ER
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-Has no ribosomes
-Contains enzymes that detoxify drugs (in liver cells) or synthesizes lipids |
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Rough ER
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-Studded with ribosomes on outside
-Produces proteins and phospholipids destined for other membranes or for secretion (export) |
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Golgi Apparatus
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-A set of stacked flattened sacs
-Receives proteins from ER (via transport vesicles) and sorts them by destination -Modifies some molecules (e.g. proteins to glycoproteins) -Packages material into vesicles for transport |
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3 fates of substances made in the ER
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1. Secreted proteins made in RER, travel through Golgi, then are exported through plasma membrane
2. Digestive proteins made in RER, travel through Golgi, and are packaged as lysosomes for use in cell 3. Membrane proteins and lipids made in ER, travel through Golgi, and replenish or enlarge organelle and plasma membranes |
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mitochondria
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-Round, oval, or tubular sacs of double-membranes
-Inner membrane is folded into cristae Intermembrane compartment lies between inner and outer membranes |
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organelles
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membrane-enclosed parts that perform specific functions
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purpose of membranes
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to isolate things as needed
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endosymbiotic hypothesis
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Mitochondria may be remnants of free-living prokaryotes
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how do Mitochondria extract food energy?
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-Functions as "powerhouses of cells"
-Extracted energy is stored in high-energy bonds of ATP -Energy extraction process involves anaerobic and aerobic reactions |
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Example of anaerobic reaction
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fermentation
-you can ferment anything organic that has sugar in it -lack of oxygen |
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Example of aerobic reaction
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product evaporates and fungus/etc grows (decomposition), presence of oxygen
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centriole
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lines up the chromosomes when it is time for cell division
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Chorloplasts
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Specialized organelles surrounded by a double membrane
-outer membrane -inner membrane encloses stroa space --stacked hollow membranous sacs (grana) with stroma are called thylaloids |
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free ribosomes
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make proteins that stay within the cell
-located in the cytoplasm |
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granum
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stack of thylakoids
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Photosynthesis
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The thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and other pigments that capture sunlight and make sugar, CO2, and water
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Plastid
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-Storage for photosynthetic products like starch
-Storage of pigment molecules giving color to ripe fruit -sugar and starch |
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Found in prokaryotic cells:
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Ribosomes, cell wall, photsynthetic membranes
Flagella, adhesive capsules and slime layers, NO nucleus |
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Pili (on prokaryotic cells)
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-transfer genetic material, also stick to membranes
-are protein projections in some bacteria that further enhance adhesion (along with fimbriae) |
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Cell wall
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composed of polysacchirides like chitin or cellulose
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How do prokaryotic cells organized regarding their DNA?
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Single, circular chromosome of DNA
--Chromosome found coiled in an area called the nucleoid Small rings of DNA (plasmids) located in the cytoplasm |
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General prokaryotic cell organization?
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No nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles present
Some have internal membranes used to capture light Cytoplasm may contain food granules |
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Microfilaments
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smaller than microtubules
made of proteins can be utilized to transport similar things as microtubules |
