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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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prokaryotes:
-NO membrane bound nucleus -NO organelles -NO Microtubules, Microfilaments, or Intermediate filaments -NO endo or exocytosis -Cell division by cell fission -Little RNA -SMALL Ribosomes -TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION COUPLED Eukaryotes: -cell divison by mitosis and meiosis |
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What are the functions of the Lysosome?
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digesting food
recycling cellular components cell suicide |
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What are properties of the Mitochondira?
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muscles have the most mitochondria in the body
double membrane organelle in both plants and animals major site of regulation of apoptosis |
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What's the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes?
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Prokaryotes:
-transcription and translation coupled Eukaryotes: -Euchromatin: site of gene transcription -HeteroChromatin: highly compact chromatin |
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What is the endosymbiotic theory?
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that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from ancient bacteria (prokaryocytes)
-phagocytosis by proteoeukaryote -many structural similarities between mitochondria and prokaryotes |
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What do the ER, Golgi, and Secretory Vesicles do?
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Rough ER: protein synthesis, studded with ribosomes
Smooth ER: lipid and steroid synthesis, also involved in detoxification Golgi: processing/packaging of secretory proteins, glycosylation of proteins, contains cisternae secretory vesicles: exocytosis |
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What do the Lysosomes, Peroxisome, and Vacuoles do?
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Lysosome:
-SINGLE membrane bound organelle -contains acid hydrolases -digestion of macromolecules Peroxisome: -SINGLE membrane bound organelle -generation and degradation of hydrogen peroxide -breakdown of long chain FA -lots in liver Vacuoles: -storage and transport |
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What are the Cytosol and Cytoskeleton?
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cytosol:
-semi-fluid in which organelles are suspended -contains cytoskeleton cytoskeleton: -responsible for cell locomotion, intracellular movement -contain: microtubules (25 nm), microfilaments (7 nm) and intermediate filaments (8-12 nm) |
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What does the extracellular matrix primarily consist of?
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collagen and proteoglycans
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What are the different types of junctions?
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gap:
-chemicals allow to pass -communication tight: -permeable barrier, cell polarity -cells stuck together adhesive: -connect cells into sheets -desmosomes and hemidesmosomes (attached to basement membrane) |
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What is the bacterial cell wall?
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mostly proteglycans
gram stain: Positive - resistant to staining, have teichoic acids and lipoteichoic in their cell wall, THICK peptidoglycan wall Negative - rapidly decolorize because they lack these components, but have Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
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What are viruses, viroids, and prions?
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viruses:
-have protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) -can be enveloped Viroids: -small, circular RNA -no protein coat -Coconut cadang-cadang viroid Prions: -lack NA -misfolded proteins (similar to CO poisoning) -Mad Cow, Kuru, Scrapie, Creutzfeld-Jacob) |
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What are some Peroxisomal Disorders?
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Infantile refsum disease:
-build up of phytanic acid Zellweger's syndrome: -congenital disorder -absence of peroxisomes in liver, kidneys, brain Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy: -X linked -defect in transport of long chain FA into peroxisome -destroys myelin sheath in CNS |
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What are some Lysosomal Disorders?
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accumulation of lysosomes
I-Cell disease: -lysosomal proteins not properly labeled by mannose-6-phosphate Gaucher's disease: -glucocerbrosidease deficiency -liver and spleen enlargement Tay-Sach's Disease: -mutation in Hex A enzyme -found in Jews |
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What are MItochondrial disorders?
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usually affect muscle and nerve tissue
disorders are maternally inherited because all mitochondria come from mother usually associated with muscle weakness or deafness mtDNA more prone to mutation than normal DNA 1. Kearn's-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) 2. MERRF 3. MELAS - Mitochondrial Myopathy Encephalopahy Lactic Acidosis and Stroke inovlving abnormalities in protein subunit: 1. LHON _ Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy 2. NARP |
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What is characteristic of DNA packed in mitochondria or chloroplasts by eukaryotes?
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are devoid of histones and are circular
components of multimeric proteins |
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What are some properties of the Mitochondrial genome?
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single circular dsDNA
no histones no introns no crossing over incomplete termination codons |
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What are some symptoms of MELAS?
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Mitochondrial Myopathy encephalophy lactic acidosis syndrome:
symptoms: -memory fade in an dout -slow down work in the 40s -diabetes seizures -difficulty talking and walking -misdiagnosed as alzeimers |
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What are properties of LHON?
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Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
lead to optic nerve degeneration and blindness first maternally inherted illness described |
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Who is Gunter Blobel?
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discovered that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in cell
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What does LPS do?
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Lipopolysaccharides
makes Gram Negative bacteria more resistant to toxic substances than Gram-Positive |
