Bio Ch 10

Front 1

4 processes of respiration

Back 1

Breathing/Ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs; External respiration: exchange of gases that occurs in the lungs between air and blood; Internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood and tissues; Cellular respiration: the process in which cells use oxygen to produce ATP, and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product

Front 2

the components of the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

Back 2

upper: nose, pharynx; lower: larynx, trachea, 2 bronchi, lungs

Front 3

5 functions of the nose

Back 3

1. passageway for respiration 2. receptors for smell 3. filters inhaled air and screens out foreign particles 4. moistens, humidifies, and warms incoming air 5. resonating chambers for voice tone

Front 4

the nasal cavity is lined with ____ tissue

Back 4

epithelial

Front 5

function of mucus in nasal cavity

Back 5

humidifies air and traps dust and pathogens

Front 6

function of cilia in the nasal cavity

Back 6

moves mucus and particles to back of nasal cavity and pharynx where coughed up or swallowed

Front 7

function of blood vessels in nasal cavity

Back 7

warm incoming air

Front 8

functions of the larynx

Back 8

maintains an open airway, routes food and air to appropriate channels, and assists in production of sound

Front 9

flexible flap of cartilage in the larynx

Back 9

epiglottis

Front 10

open when _____ and closed when ____

Back 10

air is flowing in (breathing) and closed when you swallow

Front 11

two folds of connective tissue that extend across the airway in the larynx

Back 11

vocal cords

Front 12

airway opening

Back 12

glottis

Front 13

transports air to and from the lungs; "windpipe"

Back 13

trachea

Front 14

trachea is composed of C-shaped rings of _____, held together by ___ tissue and _____ muscle; lined with _____ tissue that secretes _____ to trap foreign particles

Back 14

trachea, cartilage, connective, smooth, epithelial, mucus

Front 15

trachea branches into two main airways called ___; right one goes to right lung and left one goes to left lung; these two airways branch into smaller and smaller branches like a tree until until form the smallest airways called ____

Back 15

bronchi; bronchioles

Front 16

four functions of bronchi and bronchioles

Back 16

transport air, clean the air, warm air to body temp, saturate air with water vapor (humidify)

Front 17

humans have __ lungs made of ___ lobes; right lung is composed of ___ lobes and left lung is composed of ___ lobes

Back 17

2, 5, 3, 2

Front 18

two thin epithelial membranes surrounding the lungs

Back 18

pleural membranes

Front 19

pleurisy

Back 19

inflammation of the pleural membranes; there is less fluid in the pleural cavity, resulting in more friction during breathing and pain when breathing

Front 20

all of the branching airways of the lungs end in 300 million tiny air-filled sacs called

Back 20

alveoli

Front 21

all of the alveoli have a combined surface area of ___, which, along with the thinness of the epithelium, facilitates gas exchange with capillaries in the lungs

Back 21

800 sq ft

Front 22

the alveoli do not collapse because their epithelial cells secrete a lipoprotein called

Back 22

surfactant

Front 23

gas exchange occurs between the epithelial cells of the ____ in the lungs and the epithelial cells of the pulmonary _____

Back 23

alveoli; capillaries

Front 24

CO2 diffuses out of __ and into __; O2 diffuses out of __ and into __

Back 24

pulmonary capillaries, alveoli; alveoli, pulmonary capillaries

Front 25

structures that assist in the expansion or contraction of the lungs

Back 25

lungs, ribs, diaphragm

Front 26

dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Back 26

diaphragm

Front 27

breathing - relaxed state, followed by ___ - air moves into the lungs, ___ - air flows out of the lungs

Back 27

inspiration, expiration

Front 28

in the relaxed state of the breathing process, ___ and ____ muscles are relaxed

Back 28

diaphragm, intercostals

Front 29

Describe inspiration.

Back 29

Diaphragm contracts, flattens, and moves downward. Intercostal muscles contract, pulling ribs upward and outward.

Front 30

Describe expiration

Back 30

diaphragm relaxes and resumes dome shape, intercostal muscles relax, ribs return to normal shape

Front 31

external respiration

Back 31

the exchange of gases btwn air and blood in the lungs; occurs by diffusion

Front 32

internal respiration

Back 32

the exchange of gases btwn blood and tissues; occurs by diffusion

Front 33

in the medulla oblongata,

Back 33

special cells detect increased hydrogen ion and carbon dioxide levels in cerebrospinal fluid and send signals to the respiratory center to increase the rate of breathing

Front 34

structures that detect decreased oxygen levels

Back 34

carotid bodies and aortic bodies

Front 35

a disease that damages nerves to skeletal muscles, leading to respiratory failure because the diaphragm and intercostals muscles weaken and waste away

Back 35

ALS

Front 36

inflammation of bronchi, causing a persistent cough with large quantities of phlegm

Back 36

bronchitis

Front 37

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, often associated with smoking

Back 37

lung cancer

Front 38

a chronic condition caused by destruction of connective tissue, leading to collapse of airways and permanent damage to alveoli

Back 38

emphysema

Front 39

lung infection and scarring caused by the bacterium Myocobacterium...

Back 39

tubercolosis

Front 40

paralysis of respiratory muscles by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium....

Back 40

botulism

Front 41

fluid buildup in lungs caused by weakening of the left side of the heart

Back 41

congestive heart failure

Front 42

lung infection caused by viruses or bacteria

Back 42

pneumonia