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25 Cards in this Set
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4 fields of anthropologyPrehistoric HistoricLinguisticInteraction of language and cultureEvolution and spread of languageLanguage difference > gender, class, ethnicity, culture |
Linguistic AnthropologyKoko the gorilla and her pet kittenLanguage centers of the brain-frontal lobe, parietal lobe, wernicke’s area, occipital lobe, cerebellum, brainstem, temporal lobe, broca’s area, |
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4th field of anthropology Physical anthropology (biological)Study of biological variation, evolution, and behavior of human and nonhuman primatesPast and presentTwo Key concepts:Each person is a product of evolutionary historyEach person is a product of an individual life history |
Major questions: What are humans?What is the fossil record of human evolution?How are humans the same? Different?How does culture affect biology? Vice Versa? |
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What do biological anthropologists do? |
Subfields of Biological Anthropology -Bioarchaeology-study of human skeletal remains in archaeological context. -Health, diet, activity patterns, violence -Paleopathology-Study of disease in ancient populations |
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What do biological anthropologists do? -Primatology Study of nonhuman relatives of humans. Paleoanthropology -Study of fossilized remains of human ancestors and their evolution |
-morphology- size and shape of human skeleton-Genetics- our own genome to our ancestors- exciting thing to come out of that was neanderthals and humans interbred with each other. |
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Anthropology in the news:Rising star excavation-site in south africa, bones seen by cavers. Rising star expedition found over 1500 bones. New species found as well. You can find blogs and videos online on natgeo about this site. |
Two more subfields-Modern human variation-study of physical and genetic differences between human populations.-adaptors to stressors-Evolution of disease |
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Forensic Anthropology-Application of anthropological concepts to the ID of modern human remains. -Legal context |
The Six steps to “Humanness”, Pg. 13 of textbook.Bipedalism -Walking upright on two feet - ~6 mya - Earliest members of bipedalism were osteopithacean |
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2) Non-honing chewing complex -apes have a chewing complex, apes have large projecting canines, humans have small canines, the gap allowing for jaw closure with canines is called a “diastema”. -reduction in canine size -loss of gap (diastema) to accommodate projecting canines -~5.5 mya |
3) Complex material culture and tool use-humans dependant on material culture to survive -~2.5 mya |
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8/22/16Documentary on youtube--rising star. 4) SpeechMorphological indicators --(e.g., Hyoid bone- (only bone inbedded in tissue and not connected to another joint/bone), Larynx) |
-2.5 mya5) Hunting -Scavenging-->organizing group hunts-~1 myaFAL1521@jagmail.southalabama.edu--frank from anthropology6) Domestication-Control survival and reproduction of a species-plants and animals-~11 kya |
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Switching gears and talking about the SCIENTIFIC METHOD-Empirical research method-based on observation and measurable evidenceSCIENTIFIC METHOD -Formulate a hypothesis -Educated guess -Testable statement -MUST be falsifiable-Test hypothesis by gathering data-interpret data -accept OR reject hypothesis -Draw conclusions based on factsIf hypothesis accepted, continue testing-may become a theory |
THEORY= set of hypotheses that have been rigorously tested and validated, leading to the establishment of an accepted explanation-All scientific knowledge remains a theory--why? -Can always be refuted by new evidence -Ex: gravity |
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Science and Religion-Different ways of knowing-Religion -Realm:supernatural -Cannot be tested, proven/disprove=faith, NOT science.Science -Realm: natural world |
-Hypotheses CAN be testedHISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT History of Scientific Thought -Robert Hooke (1653-1703) -Proved that fossils are the remains of organisms -Significance -Fossils provide the history of past life |
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History of Evolutionary Thought: Geology James Hutton (1726-1797) -Uniformitarianism -Same natural processes operating today as in the past -Over time, STRATIGRAPHIC layers formed -significance?--estimated the age of the earth, evidence for age of the earth--earth is 4.6 billion years old |
Charles Lyell (1797-1875) -Popularized uniformitarianism -Process of slow, gradual change-Significance? -Older strata reveals increasingly primitive forms of life |
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HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT: Economics -Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) -Pop. Can only increase if there are resources to support them. - Pop growth limited by starvation -Significance? -Competition for existence -Some more successful than others |
HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT: Taxonomy John Ray 1627-1705 Life could be organized along a list of Great Chain of Being -Everything has a place -Species “fixed” by God |
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-Problematic--why? -Fossils and extinction24AUG2016: -Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778): *developed novel classification system= Linnaean Taxonomy |
*Significance? * Based on relatedness. *Humans included with animals *Gave science a common language. Classification of Living Things: |
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-Linnaean taxonomy *7 Manor taxonomic categories KPCOFGS*Binomial nomenclature: 2 part naming system -Genus & species |
-Linnaean taxonomy: Rules of use: *Italicize or underline BOTH genus and species *Capitalize Genus; do Not cap. species.-Example: humans *typingà Homo sapiens *Writingà Homo sapiens (do not remove the “s” from sapiens) |
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*Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829): *Developed early ideas about evolution-Lamarck: The Good *Organisms adapt in response to environment.-The Bad: *Evolution is Progressive. (organisms HAVE TO evolve in a more complex manner )-The Ugly: *Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. *Traits acquired in one’s lifetime.-Example: giraffes |
-Charles Darwin (1809-1882): “pretty awesome” *proposed the scientific theory of evolution. *Mechanism= Natural Selection*Theory still holds today |
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Charles Darwin and Natural Selection:-Ship’s naturalist, HMS Beagle voyage 1831-1836, to Galapagos Islands. *Collected Specimens at every stop. *Observed biodiversity at every stop-Darwin’s dinner with governor of Galapos -gov. could tell what island turtles came from based on shell pattern.-Darwin’s finches of the Galapagos *All islands- same color, body size *Variation in beak shape and size b/w islands-why? *Adaptation to environment -Large beaks =Harder foods |
-small beaks = softer foods *Beaks allowed birds to adapt to different environmental niches-Conclusion? - all birds share a common ancestor. -Diversified to fill new nichesà different islandsAdaptive Radiation: a change from a common ancestor form to exploit new environment. *local selection pressures lead to adaptations specific to that environment. *if reproductively isolated, can become a new species*1836- Darwin returns to England. *Convinced that Environment affects adaptation. *Rejected Lamarck *Reads Malthus |
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8/26/16Darwin’s Eureka moment!-Natural variation b/w ind. In a pop-Some variations-->adaptations =physical characteristics that enhance an organism’s ability to (1) survive an (2) reproduceAdaptations-->natural selection (natural mechanism of evolution)Natural Selection-Process by which favorable traits become more in successive generations -vs. Those w/out trait -ENVIRONMENT determines what traits are favorable and what traits are not. |
CHARLES DARWIN introduces sci. Theory that organism evolve and pass on favorable traits in a book published 1859 On the Origin of Species -Evidence presented from Beagle and subsequent research-Foundation of evolutionary biology-Reluctance to publish - why? -Feared radical philosophical implications -No “moral” lessons in nature -Illness, Darwin was quite ill his adult life, he never left England again after the voyage of the Beagle. -”Darwin’s dilemma” -No mechanism to explain hereditaryFeatures of Darwin’s theorySpecies over-reproduceCompetition of limited resourcesVariation among individuals of a speciesSurvival of the fittest |
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Advantageous variations most likely to survive5. Those that survive tend to reproduce, passing adaptations on to offspring. 6. The accumulation of new, favorable traits will eventually lead to the formation of a new species=speciation. |
Must-haves for Natural SelectionTrait must be inheritedTrait must show variation b/w individualsTrait must affect fitness (reproductive success)4. Environment must exert some pressure on the trait |
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Ex- Peppered moths -Uk there is a species of peppered moth. Within species, they have a colored variation. Before industry rev. the majority of peppered moth were light. -Industrial Reev, England, pollution in the air pollutes trees with soot and kills lichens on trees making the dark moths blend in better on the trees. The dark moths survive to reproductive age and pass on the darker color trait. |
Variation->Selection pressure->Environment favoring survival of DARK moths-->Reproductive success-->More DARK Moths reproduce (fitness)-NATURAL SELECTION DOES NOT CREATE VARIATION. It acts on Pre Existing NATURAL VARIATION History of Evolutionary Thought-Two Key pointsNatural selection operates on individualsEvolution operates on populations |
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Comparisons of Evolutionary ThoughtLamarck-Inheritance of acquired characteristics-FEATURES GAINED DURING AND IND’S LIFETIME CAN BE PASSED ONTO FUTURE GENERATIONSDarwinNatural Selection-Features that enhance survival will tend to be preserved and passed on to future generationsDarwin’s Dilemma-Could not explain how traits were passed on-Popular (but wrong) thought at the time |
-blending inheritance-Then, Gregor Mendel comes along…8/29/16Mendelian Genetics Mechanisms of Inheritance and Evolution Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Pea plant experiments Foundation of modern genetics Disproved blending inheritance |
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Terminology Gene=basic unit of inheritance Chromosome=strand of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell Contains genesLocus= location of a gene on a chromosomeAllele-alternate forms of a gene -Each gene has TWO alleles. -May be dominant OR recessiveDominant-allele that makes the expression of another allele. -Notation=uppercase letter (A)Recessive=allele that is masked if the dominant allele is present -Expressed ONLY if 2 recessive copies present -Notation=lowercase letter (a)Genotype=genetic makeup of an individual -Allel combination for a particular gene -Example: BB, Bb, bb |
Phenotype=physical expression of genotype (ex; eye color, hair color, blood type) -actual observable traitHomozygous= same allele on both chromosomes -Homozygous dominant: YY -Homozygous recessive: yy Heterozygous=different allele on each chromosome -Yy (Dominant allele expressed) |
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Laws of Heredity -genes don’t blend -Combo of alleles into genes is your genotypeDifferent genotypes can produce the same phenotype -Example: earlobesDetached earlobes- Detached (EE), Detached Ee), Attached (ee).Mendelian GeneticsPunnet Square |
Ex-tongue rolling Two alleles for this trait: R-can roll tongue r-can’t roll tongueGenotypes? |
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Mendel created two major laws of inheritance8/31/16Mendelian Genetics-Mendel created two major laws of inheritance 1)Law of segregation 2)Law of Independent Assortment2) Traits on different chromosomes are inherited independently of one another. -Example: Hair and eye color |
31Aug2016: Mendel created 2 major laws of inheritance:1) Law of Segregation- 2 alleles for a given trait are inherited. *Each gene=2 alleles *One allele from each parentSperm + Egg= Zygote.2) Law of Independent Assortment- Traits on different chromosomes are inherited independently of one another. à Independent Assortment. *Hair and eye color *Exception= Linkage-Other exceptions *Incomplete dominance= heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between 2 alleles. Very rare. Codominance= 2 different alleles equally dominant. Both are fully expressed.-Mendel’s work largely ignored during his lifetime. -work rediscovered 20 years after his death.-Evolutionary (Modern) Synthesis -1930s-40s*Combination of : *Darwin’s natural selection *Mendel’s inheritance*****Quiz on Friday, 02Sep2016*****-quiz all 50mins.-10 multiple choice, with the rest problem sets (punnent squares), short answer/ “essay” questions.Academic Success Bldg; Britany, 4:30-5:30, Mon & Wed. |
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Cellular Genetics: The Biological Basis of Life The Cell-Basic unit of life for all organisms. *Organisms defined by presence of at least one cell.-2 Basic cell types 1) Prokaryotes- One-celled organisms. Appeared 3.7 BYA.-So basic that I doesn’t go through Meiosis. They reproduce through Binary Fission**** Doesn’t have a Nucleus, Nucleoid insted**** -No membrane -contains a single-strand chromosome.*Ex. -E. coli 2) Eukaryotes- Multicellular Organisms. Appeared 1.2 BYA.-Has a Nucleus. |
-Requires a large amount of energy to survive and reproduce.Organelles: Necleusà Nuclear membrane *Mitochondria: *Ribsomes *Cytoplasm: fluid that helps cell maintain it’s shape. *Eukaryotes: 2 types1) Somatic Cells: Body cells- cellular component of body tissues *Diploid (46 chromosomes – 23 pairs)2) Gametes: Sex Cells – sperm and ova (egg) * Haploid (23 chromosomes) *Sperm + Ovum = Zygote. à full set of genetic material.*2 Types of Nucleic acids:1). DNA= Deoxyribonucleic acid * Double-stranded molecule *genetic code for an organism2) RNA = Ribonucleic acid *Single-stranded molecule *Involved in protein synthesis |
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-DNA-*Discovered in 1953 by Franklin, Watson, Crick. Publish structure of DNA in Science.* Double helix structure.*Made of nucleotides. -Deoxyribose sugar (S) -Phosphate (P) -1 of 4 Nitrogen Bases*(A) adenine*(G) guanine*(C) cytosine*(T) thymine Complementary Base Pairs: *Pairings-A & T-G & C *Essential for DNA replication. What exactly does DNA do?*DNA forms a code that is the template for the production of Proteins -Proteins govern the functions of all cells, tissues, and organs. |
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