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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy |
-The science of naming and grouping organisms -Modern system begun by Carolus Linnaeus -Bi-nominal system of nomenclature |
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three domains of life |
-Bacteria (Prokaryotic) -Archaea -Eucaraya (Eukaryotic) |
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spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis |
-spontaneous: life evolving from non living matter Biogenesis: life can only be formed from other living things |
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Extraterrestrial origin vs. Chemical origin |
Extraterrestrial: •Because all life forms that we know aboutare based on organic molecules, the presence of organic molecules in space andin extraterrestrial objects such as meteorites suggest that life or theconditions necessary for life have existed in other worlds Chemical: •Organic molecules can form spontaneouslyin the absenceof oxygen. They believe these organic moleculesaccumulated because there was no oxygen to break them down. Needoxygen to break down. |
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autotroph hypothesis |
•An organism capable of synthesizingits own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy •Chemoautotrophs–use energy from inorganic chemical reactionsto make organic molecules (food) andenergy •Photoautotroph –use light, water and carbon dioxide to make food and energy |
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Heterotroph hypothesis |
–Theyhave to consume organic molecules from surroundings in order to: •makenew organic molecules •Useorganic molecule to make (ATP) |
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how earths atmosphere developed |
•Initially earth was too hot to havean atmosphere •As it cooled, an atmosphere withoutoxygen formed •About 2 billion years ago,atmosphere changed to one with oxygen. Mainly due to photosynthesis. -The ozone also formed resulting in reduced genetic mutations in cells in living organisms |
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endosymbiotic theory |
•Symbiosis occurs when 2 differentspecies benefit from living together and working together. Endo means combining •Eukaryotic cells came from combiningseveral different types of prokaryotic cells |
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Mitochondria and chloroplast |
–Mitochondriacontain DNA and ribosomes and can control their own reproduction and synthesizetheir own enzymes. –Thesame is true for chloroplast –Mitochondriaand chloroplast formed a symbiotic relationship with a larger archael cell |
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Evolution |
•continuous geneticadaptationof a population of organisms to its environmentover time -involves changes in genes -populations are groups of organisms that are the same species and able to interbreed –Theorganisms surroundings determine which characteristics favor survivaland reproduction. –Genesdetermine the characteristic displayed by organism (phenotype) |
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Natural Selection |
•process that encourages passage ofbeneficial genes anddiscourages passage of harmful (or less valuable) genes to future generations |
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Theory of Natural Selection |
•(proposed by Darwin) someIndividuals in a population posses gene combinations that favor life in theirsurroundings, they survive and pass their genes on to the next generation |
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How does Natural Selection lead to evolution? |
NATURALSELECTION brings about EVOLUTION byselecting which genes are passed on to the next generation Nat. Selection--->Genetic Selection--->Evolution |
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Theory of Evolution's two main points |
1.All life on Earth is connected andrelated to each other. One commonancestor 2.The diversity of life is a productof “modifications of populations bynatural selection, where some traits were favored in an environment over other” |
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"survival of the fittest" |
–Survivalalone is not good enough –Survivaland reproduction is the key **Anorganism can survive for 100 years, but hasn’treproducedand contributed any of its genestothe next generation is considered to beselected against. |
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Genetic diversity |
-genetic diversity in a population is important for natural selection. -Genetic diversity is achieved through production of gametes and mutation |
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Types of genetic mutation |
Spontaneousmutation –changes in DNA that cannot be tied to any particular causative agent. Arises naturally…it just happens… •OR mutations can be brought about byradiation and mutagenic chemicals **Mutationsare important for introducing new genetic material into species over time andmust occur in gametes. Only throughreproduction are genes passed on to the next generation |
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What process drives natural selection |
•DifferentialSurvival •DifferentialReproductive Rates •DifferentialMate Selection |
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Acquired characteristics |
not a mechanism that drives natural selection. anacquired trait can not be selected for |
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Define species |
The smallest irreversible step in the evolutionary process is the development of a new species. Species is defined as a population of organisms whose members have the potential to interbreed naturally to produce fertile offspring. A species has an evolutionary history. A species is a group of organisms that shares a common ancestor with other species but is set off from those others by having genetically unique traits |
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How new species originate |
through speciation-process of generating new species Differencesin environment and natural selection play important roles in the process offorming new species. |
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Three steps to speciation |
1.Geographic isolation occurs 2.Selective agents favor specific valuablegenetic combinations 3.Genetic differences become so great thatreproduction between two groups is impossible |
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Modern system in order |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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3 Domains |
1. Bacteria-Prokaryotic 2. Archaea-Prokaryotic 3. Eucarya-Eukaryotic
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4 kingdoms |
plantae animalia fungi protista |
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Phylogeny |
Ascience that explores the evolutionary relationship among organisms and seeksto reconstruct evolution lines of evidence to developevolutionary histories: •Fossils •Comparativeanatomy of fossils or living organisms •Lifecycle information •Molecular/biochemicalsimilarities – what we did in lab |
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How taxonomists and Phylogenists work toegether: |
•work together so that the productsof their work are compatible. Ataxonomic ranking should reflect the phylogenetic (evolutionary)relationship. |
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Bacteria |
One of the three domains •Small prokaryotic single-celled organisms •Cell walls contain peptidoglycans –Complex organic molecule and only in bacteria •Most bacteria are heterotrophs |
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Archaea |
one of the three domains Theydiffer from bacteria because they do not have peptidoglycan in the cell walland they live in extreme environments (Extremophiles)Use avariety of ways to obtain energy (chemoautotrophsand photoautotrophs). |
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Eucarya |
one of the three domains has 4 kingdoms-protista, fungi, plantae and animalia |
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Modern techniques for dating earth |
•Radiometric clocks are “set” wheneach rock forms. “Form” means the momentan igneous rock solidifies from magma, a sedimentary rock layer is deposited,or a rock heated by metamorphism cools off •If anigneous rock or other rock is metamorphosed,its radiometric clock isreset, andpotassium to argon measurements can be used to tell the number of years thathas passed |
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Law of uniformitarianism |
–James Hutton isthe founder of modern geology. Hebelieved that the Earth was perpetually being formed. |
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Lawof Superposition |
Lowest layers of a rock formationis the oldest layer while the youngest layer is toward the top. Thus an undisturbed sequence of horizontallayers is arranged in chronological order |
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Principleof original horizontality |
–Assediments are deposited in a basin ofdeposition such as a lake or ocean, they accumulate in flat horizontal layers. –Anylayer of sedimentary rock that is not horizontal has been subjected to forcesthat have deformed Earth’s surface |
