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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Right Heart
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-deoxygenated blood through tricuspid into right ventricle into pulmonary semilunar valve
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Left Heart
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-oxygenated blood through bicuspid valve into left ventricle through aortic semilunar valve to body
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systole
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active
ventricle contract lubb sound |
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diastole
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resting phase
blood into atria dupp sound |
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SA valve
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sinoatrial valve
upper right atria initiates impulse talks to AV valve |
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AV valve
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atriaventricular valve
right artia conducts pulse through both ventricals |
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arteris
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carry blood away from heart
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veins
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carry blood to heart
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blood capilaries
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gas and nutrient exchange
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arteriosclerisis
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hardening of arteries
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atherosclerosis
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plaques prohibit normal blood flow
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phlebitis
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imflamation of veins
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aneurysm
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dialation of blood vessel
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stroke
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rupturing or blood clot forms
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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arrythemias
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abnormal rhythm
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Components of blood
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plasma
cells |
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plasma
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91% water
serum- fluid left after clotting |
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erythocytes
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red blood cells
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leukocytes
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white blood cells
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thrombocytes
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clotting forms
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cells formed
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bone marrow
hemopoiesus |
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RBC
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biconcave
hemoglobin iron and oxygen 4 polypeptide chain and heme group |
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anemia
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low RBC count
oxygen carrying capacity of RBC lowered oxygen taken to mitochondria |
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cyanosis
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impaired oxygenation
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anoxia
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disruption of blood flow
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polycythemia
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too many RBC higher pressure and clots form
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heme ring broken into
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bilirubin
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WBC
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granualocytes
Agranualocytes |
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Granualocytes
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Neutrophils
eosinophils basophils |
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neutrophils
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cellular police
kill antigens diapedesis: WBC move out of cappilary chemotaxis: follow chemicals |
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eosinophils
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increase in number during allergic reaction
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basophils
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secrete histamine
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B lymphocytes
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produce antibodies
help with passive and active immunity |
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apotosis
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programmed cell death
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T lymphocytes
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touch kill
helper/supressor/memory T cells |
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monocytes
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follow neutrophils out of capillaries
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thrombocytes
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diskcs 2-4 micrometers
from bone marrow |
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Lymphatic vessels
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drainage, delivery, disposal
thinner and more valves |
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Lymph nodes
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clean fluid
cytotoxic t cells destroy invaders |
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spleen
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cleans blood
holding station for lymphocytes |
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Thymus gland
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T cells
T lymphocytes |
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lymph is moved by
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tissue fluid pressure
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edema
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old age
parasites ascites climbers |
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nose
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air conditioning- moistens and warms
smelling |
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paranasal cavities
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sinusus lighten skull
condition air resonating chambers |
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nasopharynx
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upper part of the throat
slits called eustachain tubes adenoids |
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larynx
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made of hyaline cartilige
epiglottis speech sounds |
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Trachea
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C's of cartilage
thrunk of the repiratory tree |
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Bronchi
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big branches
cartilage decreases smooth muscle increases tubes more numerous tuber smaller |
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alveioli
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sacs site of diffusion of gases
oxygen moves through blood capillary to RBC |
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structure of alveoli
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Type 1
Type 2 Dust celll |
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Type 1 alveolar cells
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moist thin
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Type 2 alveolar cells
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secrete surfactant
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dust cells
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eat dust and foreign materials
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normal inspiration
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active process
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muscles contract
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diaphragm
external intercostal muscles |
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ambient air
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21% oxygen
.04% carbon dioxide |
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normal expiration
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passive process
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alveolar air
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16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide |
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forced expiration
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active process, internal muscles contract
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nervous system
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short term
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endocrine system
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slower, long responses
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pituitary gland
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master gland
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Anterior
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growth hormone
prolactin |
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posterior
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antidiuretic- water from urine
oxytocin- contract smooth muscle |
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Thyroid gland
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stimulate cells metabolism
raise body temp |
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parathyroid gland
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4
small posterior of thyroid gland regulates blood calcium |
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adrenal glands
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cortex
medulla |
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cortex
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long term
secretes cortisol-antiswelling generates new glucose gluconeogenesis secretes aldosterone-blood pressure(k and NA) |
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medulla
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short term response to stress
adrenalin and nonadrenalin |
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pancreas
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digestine enzymes into small intestine
islets of langerhans-alpha and beta |
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alpha
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secretes glucagon raies glucose
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beta
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secretes insulin
lowers blood gluclose |
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thymus
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secretes thymosins
cytotoxic and helper t cells |
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pineal gland
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secretes melatonin
biological clocks responsive to daylight prevents maturation of gonads |
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GI tract hormones
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gastrin-stomach
secretin and cholecystokinin from duodenum |
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central nervous system
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brain
spinal cord |
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peripheral nervous system
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cranial nerves
spinal nerves |
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cellular components
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conduction of electrochemical impluses
unable to divide |
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neuroglia and neurilemma
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dont carry impluses
specialized to support neurons |
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sensory neurons
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receiving stimuli
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connector neurons
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complex functional chains called circuits
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motor neurons
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receive impulses
somatic-innervate voluntary muscles visceral- innervate involuntary muscles |
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components of nerve
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dendrite sensory neurons
axons motor neurons |
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neuroglia
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neural glue
astrocytes- transfer of nutrients oligodendrocytes- insulative physical support |
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microglia
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macrophages engulf and dispose of dead cells
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neurilemma
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Schwann cells
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electrochemical impulse
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membrane depolarized when NA+ ions move inside
repolarized when K+ move out back to resting position when Na+ and K+ change places |
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synapse
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neuron almost touches another
see page 31 for more info |
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external ear
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air filled
auricle external auditory canal tympanic membrane |
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middle ear
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air filled
chain of malleus, incus, stapes hammer anvil sturrip magnify vibrations Eustchian tube equalizes air pressure |
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inner ear
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fluid filled
contains cochlea hair cells on basilar membrane low pitches deep high pitches not send impulses to brain |
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static body balance
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utricle- little bag
saccule- small sac shearing actionon hairs generates impulses position relative to ground |
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otoliths
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ear stones
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dynamic body balance
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rotational equilibrium
3 semicircular canals when fluid moves changes direction balancing rapid movement rotating head movements |
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orbit
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eyes
fat 4 straight muscles 2 oblique muscles optic nerve |
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eyeball
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conjuctiva
scalera-white of eye, tough wall cornea-transparent window choroid- black vascular layer under scalera iris pupil ciliary body |
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lens
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layers of cells
held in place by sensory ligaments ciliary muscles contract-eyestrain, muscles relax, far vision |
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posterior cavity
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filled with jelly-like vitreous humor
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retina
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rods- dim light
cones- bright lights and colors |
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glaucoma
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optic disc pressed out of orbit
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myopia
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eyeball too long
correct with concave lens |
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hyperopia
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eye ball too short
correct with convex lens |
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presbyopia
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lens hardens and resists accommodation
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astigmatism
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one or both cornea w uneven curvature
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chemoreceptors
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respond to chemical substances
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gustation (taste)
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taste buds
molecules dissolve in mucus |
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olfactions
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located in roof of nasal cavities
olfactory nerve fibers carry impulses to brain |
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pheramones
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women have period at same time
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touch receptors
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tactile discs in epidermis
corpuscles of touch root hair perplexes |
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pressure receptors
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mammary glands
external genitalia |
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thermoreceptors
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more for cold than hot, near skins surface
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nociceptors
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pain receptors
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proprioceptive receptors
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sense of limb placement
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cranial bones
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frontal-1
parietals-2 temporals-2 occipitals-1 |
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vertebrae
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scoliosis-lateral
kyphosis- humpback lordosis- swayback |
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meninges
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dura mater- tough mother
arachnoid- spider layer pia mater- delicate mother |
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blood brain barrier
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quickly diffuse through lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
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