Bio

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lipids

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glycerol and fatty acid
tricyleride
energy storage

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phospholipids

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lipids in cell membrane
called amphipathic lipids
phosphate group replaces one fatty acid chain

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amphipathic

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hydrophilic section hydrophobic section

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proteins

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polymer-repeated subunits(amino acid)
can be enzymes, support structures in the cell ,transport molecules, signalling molecules hormones

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carbohydrate

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monomer is monosaccharide
sometimes called polysaccharide
energy source
involved in communication between cells or detect molecules in their environments

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nucleic acids

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information carrying molecules
contain the code for all the structure and function of living things
DNA and RNA

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DNA

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sugar phosphate backbone
ATGC
contains deoxyribose sugar
in nucleus

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nucleotide

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monomer for DNA
contains sugar, phosphate, base

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RNA

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contains ribose sugar
GACU(uracil)

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cell membrane

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made of lipid(phospholipid)
selectively permeable barrier(cell can choose what goes in and out)

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eukaryote

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two major groups are animal cells and plant cells
organelles are held in place by cytoskeleton-support for cell, transport pathways

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nucleus

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control centre of cell
contains DNA
transmits information to rest of cell using second nucleic acid RNA
protected by two layers of membrane-has pores like gateways

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endoplasmic reticulum

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folds of membrane that are continuous with nucleus membrane
rough - covered in ribosomes, protein production
smooth - lacks ribosomes, responsible for toxin removals and production of synthesis

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ribosomes

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little molecular machines responsible for production of proteins

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vesicles

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bubbles of membrane containing products from the enoplasmic reticulum
moves towards the golgi apparatus

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golgi apparatus

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sorts modifies packages ships(in vesicles)

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mitochondrian(mitochondria)

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power house of cell
the organelle has process of aerobic cellular respiration(break down of glucose in presence of oxygen to provide cell with useable energy)
have their own DNA, make some of their own proteins and are able to grow and divide

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adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

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a useable energy form for cell

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plant cell vs animal cell

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cell wall made of carbohydrate called cellulose
vacuole is membrane structure, contains fluid, often used to store starch,store toxins
chloroplast-contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis

centromere

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centromere

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specialised region in animal cell
responsible for cell division

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algae

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general name for unicellular, colonial or multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms of simple structures of marine and fredhwater habitats

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amino acid

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organic molecule with an amino group -NH2, acidic carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, unique side chain (R)
the structural unit for protein

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amine

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organic compund and functional group that contains a basic nitrogen atom

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ammonia

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NH3

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amoeba

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a single celled organism that produces extensions of the cell surface involved in locomotion or feeding

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amphipathic

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hydrophic end hydrophilic end eg phospholipid

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archaea

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one of the super kingdoms or domains of prokaryotes

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bacteria

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a super kingdom of prokaryotes also termed eubacteria or true bacteria

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binary fission

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the process of cell division involving cleavage to create two equal sized cells each containing one copy of the genetic information and approximately half the cytoplasm

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cell body

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a part of a neuron that contains the cell nucleus and other organelles

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cell coat

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also called glycocalyx, the carbohydrate-rich zone on the surface of certain animal cells that shields the cell from mechanical and physical damage

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cell division

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the division of a cell to form two daughter cells, each containing one copy of the genetic information and approximately half the cytoplasm

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cell nucleus

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the membrane bounded area of a eukaryotic cell in which the genetic material is found

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cell wall

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a rigid extracellular matrix that provides support for plant, fungal and bacterial cells. plant cell walls are made primarily of cellulose, while cell walls of bacteria, fungi and algae are made of chitin

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central vacuole

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an organelle that often occupies 80% or more of the cell volume of plant cells
stores large amount of water enzymes and inorganic ions

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cellulose

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a structural polysavcharide present in cell walls of plants and some protists. composed of a long chain of glucose molecules

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chitin

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an insoluble nitrogenous polysaccharide, similar to cellulose
main constituent of the walls of fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods

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cholesterol

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a lipid

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chloroplast

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an organelle containing membrane bound light absorbing pigments. functions in photosynthesis

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chlorophyll

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a light absorbing, green pigment involved in photosynthesis

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chromosome

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a structure containing a single DNA molecule and associated proteins
in prokaryotic cells and in the nucleus, mutochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells

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cyanobacteria

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photosynthetic prokaryotes that have chlorophyll a and produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, similar to chloroplasts of plants

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cytoplasm

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the cytosol and organelles of eukaryotic cells, excluding the nucleus

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cytoplasmic streaming

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a phenomenon in which the cytoplasm circulates throughout the cell to distribute resources efficiently in large cells

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cytoskeleton

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a network of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments in eukaryotic cells
involved in functions such as the maintenance and change in cell shape, movement of organelles within the cytoplasm and cell movement

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endoplasmic reticulum

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a network of membranous sacs extending throughout the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

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cisternae

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flattened, fluid filled tubules within the cell

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flagella

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long, thin extensions of cytoplasm

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genes

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the herediry units that contribute to the characteristics or traits of an organism

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microtubule

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a type of hollow protein filament composed of tubulin proteins that is part of the cytoskeleton and is important for cell organisation, shape and movement

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nucleoid

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the circular DNA molecule of prokaryotes compressed with the aid of folding proteins and RNA
located in cytosol

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nuclear pore

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a channel in the nuclear envelope that allows movement of certain molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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nucleolus

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a prominent region in the nucleus of non dividing cells where ribosome assembly occurs

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nucleotide

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five carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups to form nucleic acids

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plasma membrane

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the boundary of living cells separating a cell from its environment
it is formed from a phospholipid bilayer

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protist

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a member of the eukaryotic kingdom protista

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endomembrane system

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within cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is a series of membrane bound compartments that form the endomembrane system

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vesicles

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the bulk movement of substances across a membrane following the formation of membrane sacs that enclose the substances

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lysosomes

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the membrane bound component of a cell containing hydrolytic enzymes involved in the breakdown and recycling of many types of molecules

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enzyme

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the biological catalyst, usually a protein, that increases the rate of a reaction

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macromolecules

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a large, polymer molecule made from a repitition of basic structural units eg nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins and lipids

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messenger RNA

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RNA that contains the information to specify a polypeptide with a particular amino acid sequence
its job is to carry information from the DNA to the ribosome

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phycoerythrin

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a photosynthetic pigment

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phycocyanin

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a photosynthetic pigment

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endosymbiosis. primary secondary

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an organism living inside another. the theory of the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotes from a host cell engulfing a bacterium(primary) or another eukaryote(secondary)

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histone

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a basic protein that interacts strongly with DNA. it aids the formation of nucleosomes in nuclei of eukaryotic cells