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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is compliance?
the ability of the lung to stretch
What is elastance?
ability of stretched lung to return to unstretched state
What happens to compliance and elastance in emphysema?
elastin fibers are destroyed, resulting in high compliance and low elastance
What characterizes restrictive lung diseases? Give two common causes
reduced compliance. common causes are 1. inelastic scar tissue formed in fibrotic lung diseases 2. inadequate alveolar production of surfactant (chemical that facilitates lung expansion)
What creates resistance to stretch in the lung?
Surface tension created by the thin fluid layer between the alveolar cells and the air
What is the law of LaPlace?
P=2T/r
Do smaller alveoli have higher or lower surfactant concentration?
Higher
What is Poiseuille's law?
Resistance is proportional to Length times viscosity divided by radius^4
Give two factors that cause bronchodilation.
Increased CO2 in expired air and binding of epinephrine to B2 receptors relax bronchiolar smooth muscle.
What affect does histamine have on the bronchioles?
It is a bronchoconstrictor.
What are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?
1.Exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood
2.Homeostatic regulation of body pH
3.Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
4.Vocalization
What is cellular respiration?
The intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce CO2, H2O, and ATP
What are the 4 processes or external respiration?
1.Exchange or air b/w atmosphere and lungs
2.Exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w lungs and blood
3.Transport of O2 and CO2 by blood
4.Exchange of gases b/w blood and cells
What are the structures of the respiratory system?
1.Airways
2.Alveoli
3.Bones and muscles of thorax and abdomen
What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system and what do they consist of?
1.Upper respiratory tract(mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx)
2.Lower respriatory tract(trachea, 2 primary bronchi, branches of the bronchi, lungs)(thoracic portion)
Name the major thoracic muscles:
1.Intercostal muscles (internal and external)
2.Sternocleidomastoids
3.Scalenes
What enclose the lungs? What are they composed of?
The pleural sacs. Each is has two membranes(pleura). The pleura consists of several layer of elastic connective tissue and capillaries. The two membranes are held together by pleural fluid.
What purpose does pleural fluid serve?
1.Lubrication between the two membranes
2.Holds lungs to thoracic wall, even at rest
What are bronchioles?
Small collapsible passageways with walls of smooth muscle
Where is total cross-sectional area lowest?
Upper respiratory tract
Name the types of cells that make up alveoli and their characteristics
1.Type I alveolar cells: very thin, allowing for gas exchange.
2.Type II alveolar cells: small, thick. secrete surfactant
How much blood is in the pulmonary circulation at any moment?
0.5L (10%)
Describe the flow rate and blood pressure of pulmonary circulation.
High flow rate, low blood pressure
Why is the distance between the alveolar air space and the capillary endothelium short?
The lung interstitial fluid volume is low due to low mean blood pressure(low net hydrostatic pressure) and removal of filtered fluid by the lymphatic system.
What are the four lung volumes?
1.Tidal volume 2.Inspiratory reserve volume 3.Expiratory reserve volume 4.Residual volume
What is vital capacity?
VC is the max amount of air that can be voluntarily moved in the lungs. It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume.
What is inspiratory capacity?
Inspiratory capacity=Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
What is fuctional residual capacity?
Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
What are the 3 components of conditioning?
1.warming (37C)
2.adding water vapor (to 100% humidity)
3.filtering out foreign material
How does filtration of air occur?
Ciliated epithelium secrete mucus(secreted by goblet cells, contains immunoglobulins) and a dilute saline solution; the cilia beat to create the mucociliary escalator
What are the 6 areas of kidney function?
1.Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
2.Regulation of osmolarity
3.Maintenance of ion balance
4.Homeostatic regulation of pH
5.Excretion of wastes
6.Production of hormones
Describe the path of liquid through the urinary system:
Plasma, nephrons, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What percent of cardiac output do the kidney's receive?
20-25%
What are the layers of the kidney?
cortex and medula
What percent of nephrons are completely contained within the cortex?
80%
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron
What factors shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
Increased temperature, PCO2, or 2,3-diphophoglycerate or decreased pH
What is the Bohr effect?
A shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve that results from a change in pH
What can trigger an increase in 2,3-DPG?
Chronic hypoxia
What factors shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
Increased temperature, PCO2, or 2,3-diphophoglycerate or decreased pH
What is the Bohr effect?
A shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve that results from a change in pH
What can trigger an increase in 2,3-DPG?
Chronic hypoxia