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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is compliance?
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the ability of the lung to stretch
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What is elastance?
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ability of stretched lung to return to unstretched state
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What happens to compliance and elastance in emphysema?
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elastin fibers are destroyed, resulting in high compliance and low elastance
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What characterizes restrictive lung diseases? Give two common causes
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reduced compliance. common causes are 1. inelastic scar tissue formed in fibrotic lung diseases 2. inadequate alveolar production of surfactant (chemical that facilitates lung expansion)
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What creates resistance to stretch in the lung?
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Surface tension created by the thin fluid layer between the alveolar cells and the air
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What is the law of LaPlace?
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P=2T/r
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Do smaller alveoli have higher or lower surfactant concentration?
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Higher
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What is Poiseuille's law?
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Resistance is proportional to Length times viscosity divided by radius^4
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Give two factors that cause bronchodilation.
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Increased CO2 in expired air and binding of epinephrine to B2 receptors relax bronchiolar smooth muscle.
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What affect does histamine have on the bronchioles?
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It is a bronchoconstrictor.
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What are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?
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1.Exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood
2.Homeostatic regulation of body pH 3.Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances 4.Vocalization |
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What is cellular respiration?
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The intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce CO2, H2O, and ATP
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What are the 4 processes or external respiration?
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1.Exchange or air b/w atmosphere and lungs
2.Exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w lungs and blood 3.Transport of O2 and CO2 by blood 4.Exchange of gases b/w blood and cells |
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What are the structures of the respiratory system?
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1.Airways
2.Alveoli 3.Bones and muscles of thorax and abdomen |
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What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system and what do they consist of?
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1.Upper respiratory tract(mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx)
2.Lower respriatory tract(trachea, 2 primary bronchi, branches of the bronchi, lungs)(thoracic portion) |
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Name the major thoracic muscles:
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1.Intercostal muscles (internal and external)
2.Sternocleidomastoids 3.Scalenes |
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What enclose the lungs? What are they composed of?
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The pleural sacs. Each is has two membranes(pleura). The pleura consists of several layer of elastic connective tissue and capillaries. The two membranes are held together by pleural fluid.
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What purpose does pleural fluid serve?
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1.Lubrication between the two membranes
2.Holds lungs to thoracic wall, even at rest |
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What are bronchioles?
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Small collapsible passageways with walls of smooth muscle
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Where is total cross-sectional area lowest?
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Upper respiratory tract
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Name the types of cells that make up alveoli and their characteristics
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1.Type I alveolar cells: very thin, allowing for gas exchange.
2.Type II alveolar cells: small, thick. secrete surfactant |
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How much blood is in the pulmonary circulation at any moment?
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0.5L (10%)
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Describe the flow rate and blood pressure of pulmonary circulation.
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High flow rate, low blood pressure
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Why is the distance between the alveolar air space and the capillary endothelium short?
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The lung interstitial fluid volume is low due to low mean blood pressure(low net hydrostatic pressure) and removal of filtered fluid by the lymphatic system.
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What are the four lung volumes?
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1.Tidal volume 2.Inspiratory reserve volume 3.Expiratory reserve volume 4.Residual volume
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What is vital capacity?
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VC is the max amount of air that can be voluntarily moved in the lungs. It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume.
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What is inspiratory capacity?
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Inspiratory capacity=Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
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What is fuctional residual capacity?
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Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
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What are the 3 components of conditioning?
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1.warming (37C)
2.adding water vapor (to 100% humidity) 3.filtering out foreign material |
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How does filtration of air occur?
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Ciliated epithelium secrete mucus(secreted by goblet cells, contains immunoglobulins) and a dilute saline solution; the cilia beat to create the mucociliary escalator
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What are the 6 areas of kidney function?
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1.Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
2.Regulation of osmolarity 3.Maintenance of ion balance 4.Homeostatic regulation of pH 5.Excretion of wastes 6.Production of hormones |
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Describe the path of liquid through the urinary system:
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Plasma, nephrons, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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What percent of cardiac output do the kidney's receive?
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20-25%
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What are the layers of the kidney?
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cortex and medula
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What percent of nephrons are completely contained within the cortex?
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80%
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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The nephron
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What factors shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
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Increased temperature, PCO2, or 2,3-diphophoglycerate or decreased pH
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What is the Bohr effect?
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A shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve that results from a change in pH
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What can trigger an increase in 2,3-DPG?
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Chronic hypoxia
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What factors shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
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Increased temperature, PCO2, or 2,3-diphophoglycerate or decreased pH
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What is the Bohr effect?
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A shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve that results from a change in pH
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What can trigger an increase in 2,3-DPG?
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Chronic hypoxia
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