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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three major categories of sensory systems? |
Electromagnetic & Thermal Energy, Mechanical Energy and Force, and Chemical Agents |
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What is an example of chemical agents? |
taste, smell, humidity |
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What is an example of mechanical energy and force? |
sound and sonar, vibrations and touch, pressure, gravity, inertia |
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What is an example of electromagnetic and thermal energy? |
light, infrared radiation, thermal "hot" "cold", electric, magnetic |
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Why is an own better able to discriminate direction than a human? |
Their auditory organs (ears) are located at different positions thus producing variation in sound. |
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What is the major downfall to a chemical sense (like that of taste and smell)? |
Can't scan the environment like eyes and ears; It has to allow time for molecules to diffuse to travel to the system. |
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What are the two species that have a very superior system of olfaction and taste? |
Milk Moth (Olfactory-carry as many as 70,000 olfactory receptors. Can sense one molecule out of 10^15 air), and Catfish (Taste- hundreds of chemoreceptors throughout body, some highly sensitive to amino acids) |
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What are pheromones?
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A form of chemical communication used to lay trails, recognize individuals from same nest, mark location of food source, alarm substances, or find a mate. |
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What do most aquatic organisms like sharks have to help detect vibrations in the water? |
The Lateral Line |
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What is the Lateral Line? |
Is a series of tubes just below the surface of the skin. Runs from the head to the tail. The pores of the lateral line have little hairs that detect changes like moving water, sound, vibration and pressure changes to alert that potential prey is in nearby waters. |
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What is the frequency range of human hearing? |
40 to 20000 HZ |
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What is the frequency range of dogs? |
up to 30 or 40,000 HZ |
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What frequency can bats hear up to? |
as high as 100,000 HZ |
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What two mammalian groups use sonar? |
Cetacuans and Bats
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What are three morphological adaptions that bats have to use sonar system to find prey nocturnally? How sensitive can some of these systems be? |
idk |
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How loud do bats scream? |
From 1 to 200 dynes (we hear .0002 dynes)
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Name three adaptations that bats have to reduce the noise on themselves. |
1) Muscles in the inner ear flex when shrieking. |
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Which can transmit signals further, a humpback whale or a big brown bat? |
water transmits sound much better than air, humpback whale (better sonar) |
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Which is more sensitive olfactory, or taste organs? |
Olfactory |
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What are two types of vibration senses? |
Hearing - In the air |
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What is a measure of sound waves typically used with bats?
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dyne |
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What are two key features in a bat that relys on echolocation? |
The Ears and Face shape |
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What locates the sound in a bats ear?
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The Tragus
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What focuses and amplifies sound in bats ears?
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The Pinnae
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Do large ears increase low frequency intensity, or high frequency? |
Low Frequency |
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Why is higher frequency more advantageous in echolocation? |
It allows for more detail due to the shorter wavelength. |
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What are the two types of frequencies used when hunting in bats? |
Frequency Modulated and Constant Frequency
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Name three ways that directional information can be obtained. |
The eyes, the directional organ itself. |
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What is the superior sense of Direction and Distance?
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Vision
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What are the major uses of chemical senses (taste and smell) in animals? |
To find food, mates or predators.
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Name the three classifications of skeletal muscle fibers.
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Slow Oxidative, Fast Oxidative, and Fast Glycolytic
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List a few characteristics of a slow oxidative fiber. (Color, ATP synthesis, Rate of fatigue, etc) And give an example.
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Has slow contraction, and slow to fatigue. Myoglobin content is high and the color is red. Uses aerobic respiration.
An animal that uses the muscle for continuous use would be constructed of slow oxidative tissue. Like a chicken thigh. |
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List characteristics of fast glycolytic fibers. |
Fast to contract and fast to fatigue. Fiber diameters are large, and use Glycolysis (Anaerobic respiration) for energy production. The color of the fibers is white. |
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Can fast muscle fibers be graded (produce varying amounts of force)
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No, they are all or nothing muscles. |
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Why is the fast twitch muscle white?
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The lack of myoglobin and mitochondria leads to the white appearence
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Name two other types of muscles aside from skeletal muscles.
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Cardiac Muscle, and Smooth Muscle
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Give three differences between cardiac and skeletal muscles.
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Cardiac have more mitochondria for endurance.
The electrical impulses move much faster and propagate through the whole muscle Has a longer refractory period (to allow systalic and diastolic contractions) |
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Where is smooth muscle normally found?
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Around organs, like airways and large arteries.
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How fast is smooth muscle? |
Very Slow |
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What is a nephron?
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The main filtering organ in the kidneys.
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What are the main sections of a nephron?
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Malphagian Body, Bowmans Capsule
Glomerulus Proximal and Distal Convuluted Tubule Loop of Henle |
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What are two major types of neprons?
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Juxtamedullary and Cortical
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What is the difference between a juxtamedullary and cortical nephron?
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Juxtamedullary has a larger loop of henle, and extends well into the medulla. The Juxtamedullary is paralleled by a arterial loop (creating a counter current system), whereas the cortical nephron is surrounded by a capilary network
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Which groups of vertebrates have the most concentrated urine? Explain the differences.
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Mammals with longer loops of henle are able to have more concentrated urine, like the Kangaroo Rat, whereas those with shorter loops have weaker urine like beavers.
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Name two processes used to excrete waste and still retain ions and water.
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Nephron System (Glomerular Kidneys)
Collecting Duct |
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What is the descending loop of Henle permiable to?
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H2O
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In the ascending loop of Henle, what is it permeable to?
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salts, and impermeable to H2O
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What is the controlling factor of the permeability of the kidneys filtration system?
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The Antiduretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin. When the hormone is absent, the collecting duct is impermeable to water.
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What are three types of counter current systems that aid animals in homeostasis and metabolism?
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Juxtamedullary Nephron System
Respiratory System (Lungs) Temperature Regulation in Blood Flow. |
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How do Kangaroo Rats with a shorter loop of Henle produce urine that is more concentrated?
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The higher metabolism of the Kangaroo rat (due to its small body size) are capable of more intense active transport and produce higher final concentrations.
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Why do arctic fish have secretory kidneys?
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The arctic fish rely on glycoproteins for survival in extreme cold conditions. These proteins (being low in molecular weight) would be extracted during filtration if they had glomerulic filtration.
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How does ADH affect water retention?
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Without the presence of ADH or Vasopressin, the collecting duct becomes impermeable to water, therefore not allowing water to be retained while passing through the collecting duct.
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Which part of the kidney does the antidiuretic hormone affect?
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The collecting duct
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What is the process that created urea from ammonia?
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The process is known as the Ornithine Cycle
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of excreting ammonia as a waste product. Give an example of an animal that excretes ammonia.
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Ammonia requires no extra energy to excrete.
Ammonia is highly toxic, therefore requires a lot of water to dilute. Animals that have constant access to water often excrete ammonia, like teleost fish, and tadpoles. |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of excreting urea as a waste product. Give example of animals that excrete urea.
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Urea requires energy to be synthesized from ammonia.
Urea is less toxic than ammonia, thus allowing more water retention. Most land animals that do not need an exceeding amount of water retention excrete urea, like mammals, and amphibians (frogs). |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of using uric acid as an excretion product? List examples of animals that utilize this waste product.
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Uric acid allows the animal to retain even more water than urea.
It does however require even more energy to produce than urea. Land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles excrete uric acid. |
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Explain how vampire bats change their waste concentrations when feeding. |
Vampire bats excrete dilute urea when they are feeding so that they can get as much nutrients from the blood, while getting rid of unnecessary weight. |
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Do black bears in hibernation excrete waste? Explain |
They do not urinate or deficate for five months. Urea is being created, however is reabsorbed in kidney and reused in nitrogen synthesis.
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What is a neuron?
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The nerve cell that provides sensory information to the brain. |
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What is a dendrite?
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Dendrites detects signals, it is known as the signal reception. It is what begins the change in membrane potential.
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What is the cell body?
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Part of signal reception. Where the change in membrane potential takes place to begin the action potential.
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What is the axon hillock?
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Initiates the action potential to be sent down the axon. Known as the signal integration.
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What is the axon?
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It is the medium of which the action potential travels. Connects the dendrites, cell body, and axon hillock to the axon terminal.
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What is a myelin sheath?
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An insulated layer of lipid-rich Schwann cells. It allows action potentials to travel faster down the axon by allowing them to "leap" from the open space to space (Node of Ranvier)
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What is an axon terminal?
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It is the signal transmitter where neurotransmitters (or voltages) are produced to pass the information along.
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Name the parts of the axon that are responsible for signal reception.
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Dentrites, Cell Body
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Name the parts of the neuron that are responsible for signal reception.
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Dentrites, Cell Body
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Name the parts of the neuron are responsible for signal integration.
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Axon Hillock.
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Name the parts of the neuron that are responsible for signal conduction.
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Axon, myelinated sheaths, and nodes of ranvier.
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Name the parts of the neuron that are responsible for signal transmission.
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Axon Terminal |
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Which ion is more concentrated intercellular?
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The K (Potassium) Ion |
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Which ion is more concentrated at resting potential outside the cytosol?
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The Na (sodium) ion.
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What is depolarization?
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When the membrane potential become more positive, or less negative than resting potential.
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What is hyperpolarization?
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When the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential.
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What are the two ion channels in a neuron? |
Ligand (Chemical) Channel |
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Where are ligand channels most likely located?
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In the cell body
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Where are voltage channels most likely located?
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In the axon
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What can cause an increase in speed of the movement rate of an action potential?
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A larger axon, or myelinated sheathes.
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What is saltatory conduction?
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The movement of the action potential leaping from one node of ranvier to the next.
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What is the synaptic cleft?
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The space between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cell.
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What is the postsynaptic cell?
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Examples are neurons, muscles, and endocrine glands.
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What is the neuro muscular junction?
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The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle
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What organisms generally use electrical synapses?
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Generally only simple organisms, electrical synapses can travel bi-directionally and are only excitatory
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What organisms use chemical synapses? |
Complex organisms use chemical synapses which are only unidirectional and can be inhibitory as well as excitatory.
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Which ion signals neurotransmitter release?
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Calcium Ions
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What is the most common neurotransmitter at a neuromuscular junction?
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ACh (Acetyl Choline) |
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What is a Schwann Cell? |
The cells of the Myelin Sheath. It is a type of Glial Cell
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What substance makes up the thin and thick filaments of a sarcomere? |
Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)
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What is the smallest unit of a muscle?
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The sarcomere |
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What are the parts that make up the sarcomere?
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The Z-disc, the M-line, the Actin Filament, the Myosin Filament. |
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How does the cross bridge move the thin filaments?
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The myosin head binds to an actin filament, pulling the thin filament to the center of the sarcomere. |
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When is ATP used? |
It is used to bind to the myosin head and release the myosin head from the cross-bridge
To energize the myosin and create a crossbridge to actively move Ca ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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What are the six steps of cross bridge movement? |
1) Influx of Ca
2) Binding of Myosin to Actin 3) Power stroke, sliding filaments 4) Binding of ATP to myosin 5) Hydrolysis of ATP to re-energize 6) Transportation of Ca back into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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What are tropomyosin and troponin?
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Are regulatory proteins that prevent the binding of the myosin head.
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What is the ion that affects tropomyosin and troponin?
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Calcium
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What is the six step process from the synapse of the motorneuron? |
1) Influx of Na down T-Tubule |
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What is prehesion?
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Seizing and conveying food into the mouth. |
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Name some adaptations to aid in prehesion. |
Elongated tongue, rough tongue, thick muscular lips, bifurcation of the lips. |
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What purpose does saliva serve?
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To aid in lubrication for ingestion |
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What are the two stomaches that birds have?
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Proventiculus and the Gizzard (Ventriculus) |
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What are the four sections of a ruminent stomach?
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Reticulum - sorting chamber |
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What is bile primarily used for? |
Aids in the digestion of lipids. |
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How does nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine?
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By active and passive transport in the Ileum, and Jejunum
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What are the three key organs in the mid gut digestion process.
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Liver, Pancreas, Small intentines
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What breaks down proteins in the stomach?
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Pepsin which has to be synthesized from Pepsinogen by HCl |
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Why are epithelial cells of the stomach coated by mucosa? |
To protect them from the acid chyme |
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What does acetyl choline bind to? |
Acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, it opens ligand-gated sodium channels in the cell membrane. Sodium ions then enter the muscle cell, initiating a sequence of steps that finally produce muscle contraction. |
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Name 4 parts of the ruminant stomach and their function |
Reticulum- sorting/filtering Rumen- fermentation (70-80%) provides proper conditions for microbials Omasum- water absorption chamber Abomasum- gastric stomach |
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What is one function of the pancreas? |
buffering the acid chime as it moves to small intestine |
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What happens when ADH is present? |
When ADH is present, water retention is increased |
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What is the function of bile? |
fat emulsification, allowing lipase to digest lipids |
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What is the function of the colon? |
1. Water absorption 2. Ideal environment for intestinal bacteria that produce vitamin K |
