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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Low O2 cycle |
Low 02
Kidneys sense this and secrete EPO Bone marrow senses Epo, increases production of red blood cells Red blood cells carry O2 Return to normal O2 level |
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2 primary body cavities |
Dorsal & Ventral Cavities |
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Tissue types |
Epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Covers all body surfaces exposed to an external environment & can form glands |
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Connective Tissue |
Supports & protects other tissues Connective tissue cells are embedded in a "ground" material or extra cellar matrix, which they themselves secrete |
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Muscle Tissue (types) |
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
always attached to bone & is under voluntary control |
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue |
Only in the heart Beats under control of its own pacemaker cells |
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Smooth Muscle Tissue (why is it smooth, voluntary/involuntary, what is it responsible for) |
smooth bc it lacks striations that skeletal muscle tissue has not under voluntary control responsible for: contractions in blood vessels, the digestive tract, air passages, & hollow organs (uterus) |
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Nervous Tissue (specialized in, 2 basic types of cells) |
Specialized for the rapid conduction of electrical impulses Neurons: transmit impulses Glial cells: support cells for neurons |
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Integumentary system |
Skin -covers body -protects underlying tissues & organs -controls evaporation of bodily fluids -regulates heat loss -stores fat -makes vitamin D Exocrine Glands - associated with skin - excretes water, oils, & milk |
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3 layers of skin |
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
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Epidermis |
top layer skin cells are constantly worn away & replaced by new epidermal cells being pushed up from inner epidermis |
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Dermis |
- hair follicles & sweat glands - contains blood vessels & nerves - blood supply is important in controlling the body temp |
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Hypodermis |
subcutaneous fat - layer of fat beneath skin, varies in thickness |
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Visceral fat |
separate from subcutaneous fat, lies deep within the abdomen & surrounds organs such as the liver *excess of this is more harmful |
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2 types of exocrine glands |
sebaceous & sweat glands |
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Sebaceous Glands |
produces sebum - lubricates hair & limits bacterial growth on skin |
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Sweat Glands |
produce sweat: cools body by evaporating |
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What makes up the skeletal system? |
bone, ligaments, & cartilage
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bone |
connective tissue support, energy storage, capacity site of blood cell production |
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cartilage |
padding in most joints forms over larynx & trachea links rib to breastbone |
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Ligaments |
tissues that join bone to bone |
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Tendons |
link bone to muscle *not part of the skeletal system* |
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each bone is an ______ contains: |
organ containing: connective tissue, blood vessels, & nervous tissue |
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Long bones |
spongy bone filled with red marrow site of production of all red blood cells |
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Central marrow cavity |
(long bones) filled with yellow marrow composed mostly of energy storing fat cells |
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3 cells involved in bone growth & maintenance |
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts |
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Osteoblasts |
produce new bone |
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Osteocytes |
*maintain* mature bone cells that maintain the structure & density of normal bone |
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Osteoclasts |
*break down* release enzymes that break down bone, releasing stored substances |
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# of bones in body |
206
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Axial Skeleton - # of bones - contains |
- 80 bones - skull, vertebral column, & rib cage |
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Appendicular Skeleton - # of bones - contains |
- 126 bones - arms, legs, & pelvic & pectoral girdles to which they're attached |
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Joints of articulations exist ..... |
wherever 2 bones meet some provide strong linkage between bones and others provide flexibility |
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ends of a bone |
eplphysis |
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middle of a bone |
diaphysis |
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Muscle fibers |
skeletal muscle cells can be as long as the muscel |
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Muscle fibers are divided into |
Sarcomeres |
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Sarcomeres |
basic unit of muscle contraction |
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Sarcomeres are composed of |
thin structures: myofibrils |
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Myofibrils are composed of |
2 kinds of protein strands that alternate with each other. thin filaments: protein actin thick filaments: protein myosin |
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Where are actin and myosin located |
myosin is in the middle actin is on the end |
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how do myosin filaments bring about contraction |
by attaching to the Actin filaments, pulling them to the center of the sarcomere, detaching & pulling again |
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When do they contract |
when prompted to by a signal from a nerve |
