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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does ADP come from?
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This comes from 1. Precursor metabolites from biosynthesis. OR 2. ATP giving up a phosphate to drive another metabolic reaction.
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Regeneration of ATP.
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1. Substrate Level phosphorylation.
2. Chemiosmosis |
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation.
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This is the process of forming ATP from ADP by gaining a phosphate group from a metabolic intermediate's high energy bond (not common).
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Chemiosmosis.
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The is the process of forming ATP from ATP by using the enzyme ATPase.
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Location of chemiosmosis in Eukarotic cells.
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ATP formation that takes place mitochondric membrane.
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Location of ATP formation in Prokarotic Cells.
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ATP formation that takes place in the cell membrane.
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The five metabolic tasks needed to synthesis a cell.
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This process needs:
1. Bring nutrients into cell 2. Catabolism 3. Biosynthesis 4. Polymerization 5. Assembly |
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First Metabolic Task needed to synthesis a cell.
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Bringing nutrients into the cell by transporting it through the membrane from the outside environment.
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Catabolism.
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The Metabolic task for synthesizing a cell that converts nutrients into organic material. These are starting points to synthesize all other cullular componants (only 12 starter compounds -precursor metabolites- needed).Also makes ATP and reducing power.
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Biosynthesis.
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The metabolic task that uses ATP and reducing power to make small molecules (monomers) from precursor metabolites (organic material).
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Polymerization.
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The metabolic task that polymizes the monomers (produced by biosynthesis) to make macromolecules. Makes DNA, RNA, polysaccarhides, and peptidoglycan.
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Assembly
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The metabolic task where macromolecules are assembled into organelles, such as flagella, pili, membranes, cell walls.
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Purpose of precursor molecules.
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These 12 starting points, made from organic material by catabolism, are needed to synthesis the cellular componants.
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These 12 starting points, made from organic material by catabolism, are needed to synthesis the cellular componants.
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The Precursor molecules.
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The Nutrient's transportantion process into the cell...
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1. They must be small and pass through porins in the outermembrane by diffusion along their conc. gradient. 2. Then they pass through the mesh cell membrane easily. 3. They finally pass through the cytoplasmic membrane through protein transporters.
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The three processes the nutrients get through the cytoplasmic membrane.
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The molecules get through this membrane by:
1. Facilitated diffusion- Diffusion using a transporter w/o energy 2. Active transport- Pumping the molecules using ATP against the conc. gradient. 3. Group translocation- diffusion and then chemically changing the molecules so they can't diffuse back out. |
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Driving forces of the metabolic pathways.
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Purpose of reducing power and ATP in cellular synthesis.
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Oxidation.
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Loss of an electron. Loss of Hydrogen atom, positive charge.
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Reduction.
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Gain of electrons and Hydrogen atoms
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NAD(P)+ and NAD
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The oxidized coenzymes that is reduced in catabolism and then reoxidized in biosynthesis.
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NAD(P)H and NADH
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The reduced form of coenzymes that is used as reducing power and oxidized in biosynthesis.
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NAD and NAD(P)+ are needed for which metabolic task?
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These pyradine nucleotides are needed for catabolism.
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NADH and NAD(P)H are needed for which metabolic task?
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These pyradine nucleotides are needed for biosynthesis.
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The bonds of ATP...
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This has high energy bonds because they have high reactivity, so phosphates easily break off releasing energy and creating ADP.
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The two methods of regenerating ATP from ADP.
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Substrate-level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis.
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Substrate-level osmosis.
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A phosphate of a intermediate metabolite that is connected by a high energy bond can be donated to ADP.
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Chemiosmosis.
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ATP is created from ADP with the use of the enzyme ATPase.
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