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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the respiratory system's pathway? |
nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli |
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what are part of the upper respiratory tract? |
nose, pharynx, and larynx |
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nose |
Hairs and mucus in the nose filter the air.• Specialized cells act as odor receptors.• Tear glands drain into the nasal cavities (leads to a runnynose.)
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pharynx |
The pharynx (throat) is a funnel-shaped cavity.
• Tonsil (@ junction of oral cavity & pharynx) providelymphatic defense during breathing. |
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Larynx |
The larynx (voice box) is a triangular, cartilaginousstructure that passes air between the pharynx and trachea.
• Houses the vocal cords (two mucosal folds with an openingcalled the glottis. |
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what are parts of the lower respiratory system? |
trachea, bronchial tree, lungs |
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trachea |
The trachea (windpipe):
– Connects the larynx with theprimary bronchi.– Wall is made of connectivetissue, smooth muscle, andcartilaginous rings. – Lined in a layer ofpseudostratified ciliatedcolumnar epithelium. – Goblet cells produce mucus. – Cilia & mucus help keeplungs clean. |
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bronchial tree and lungs |
• Bronchial tree starts with two main bronchi that lead from the trachea into the lungs.
• The bronchi continue to branch until theyare small bronchioles ~1 mm in diameter. • Bronchioles eventually lead to elongatedsacs called alveoli. • Right lung: three lobes. Left lung: two lobes. • Each lobe is divided into lobules. • Each lung is enclosed |
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The alveoli |
• There are 300 million alveoliin the lungs (greatly increase surface area).
• Alveoli are enveloped by blood capillaries. • The alveoli and capillariesare allow exchange ofgases. • Alveoli are lined withsurfactant that act as a filmto keep alveoli open. |
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breathing consists of two phases, what are they? |
inspiration and expiration |
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inspiration |
an active process of inhalation; brings air into lungs |
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expiration |
a typically passive process of exhalation; expels air from the lungs |
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ventilation is governed by who's law? which means? |
Boyle's law, at constant temperature the pressure of a given quantity of gas inversely proportional to its volume |
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what happens during inspiration? |
The diaphragm and intercostalmuscles contract.• The diaphragm flattens and therib cage moves upward andoutward. • Volume of the thoracic cavityand lungs increase. • Air pressure within the lungs decrease. • Air flows into the lungs |
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what happens during expiration? |
The diaphragm andintercostal muscles relax.
• The diaphragm movesupward and becomesdome-shaped. • The rib cage movesdownward and inward. • Volume of the thoraciccavity and lungs decreases. • Air pressure within thelungs increases. • Air flows out of the lungs. |
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tidal volume |
the small amount of air that usually moves in and out with each breath |
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vital capacity |
the maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during one breath |
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inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume |
the increased volumeof air moving in or out of the body
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Residual volume |
the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation |
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breathing is controlled by? |
the nervous control and chemical control |
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nervous control |
Respiratory control center in the brain(medulla oblongata) sends out nerveimpulses to contract muscles forinspiration.
– Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) isthought to occur when this |
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chemical control |
– Chemoreceptors sense a drop in pH(due to accumulation of carbon dioxidedue to metabolism).
– Located in the medulla oblongata,carotid arteries, and the aorta. – Stimulate the respiratory center in brain.10.5 Control of VentilationHow is breathing controlled?region of the brain thatautomatically regulatesbreathingFigure |
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gas exchange is driven by ? |
diffusion |
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what are the two sites where gas exchange occurs in the body? |
external respiration and internal respiration |
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external respiration |
Between lung alveoli and blood capillaries.
– PCO2is higher in the capillaries than the air CO2 diffuses out of thecapillaries, into the air of the lungs. – PO2is lower in the lung capillaries than the air O2 diffuses into thecapillaries from the air of the lungs. |
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internal respiration |
Between blood in systemic capillaries(outside of the lungs) and surrounding tissue fluids.
– PCO2is lower in the capillaries than the surrounding tissue fluid CO2diffuses into the blood from the tissues. – PO2is higher in the capillaries than the tissue fluid O2 diffuses into thetissues from the blood. |
