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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are autotrophs?
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-organisms that make their own food
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What are heterotrophs?
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organisms that obtain energy from the food they consume
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What is ATP?
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-consists of a nitrogen-containing compound called adenine, a 5 carbon sugar called ribose and three phosphate groups
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What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?
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-active transport
-movement within the cell |
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What is ADP?
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has 2 phophate groups
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How are ATP and glucose similar? How are they different?
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-glucose holds 90% more energy
-ATP & Glucose both store energy |
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Van Helmont's Experiment was?
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-found mass of a pot of dry soil & small seedling
-after 5 years the seedling was a small tree - the mass of the soil was almost unchanged -most of the mass of the plant gained had come from water |
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priestley's experiment?
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-took a candle, placed a glass jar over it, & watched as the falme died out
-then placed mint under jar & allowed a few days to pass & the candle could be relighted and remained lit for a while -oxygen needed |
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Jan Ingenhousz?
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experiments performed by all of them and other s reveal that in the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbs and release oxygen
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equation of photosynthesis:
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6CO2 + 6HO2 >light> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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pigments?
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plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules
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chlorophyll?
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plants principal pigment
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why are plants green?
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chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum
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where does photosynthesis take place?
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chloroplasts
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thylakoid?
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-saclike photosynthetic membrane
-contain clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments and protein known as photosystems that are able to capture the energy of sunlight |
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where do the light dependent reactions take place?
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thylakoid
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where does the calvin cycle take place?
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stroma
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What is NADP+?
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-accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion
-this converts the NADP+ into NADPH -this is one of the ways that energy can be trapped in a chemical form |
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light dependent reactions:
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-produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into energy carriers ATP and NADPH
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ATP synthase?
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allows H+ ions to pass through the protein
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calvin cycle?
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-plants use the eneergy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy for more than a few minutes
-uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars -uses 6 carbon dioxide molecules to produce a single 6 carbon sugar |
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What are the factors affecting photosynthesis?
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-water: raw material of photosynthesis and a shortage can slow or even stop it
-temp. -light |
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calorie and "C"?
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-amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water 1 celcius degree
-"C": a kilocalorie or 1000 calories |
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glycolysis?
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-releases a small amount of energy
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cellular respiration?
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-glycolysis, kreb cycle & electron transport chain make up this process
-process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen -euqations: 6O2 + C6H12O6 >>> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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glycolysis?
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-process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon sugar compound
-net gain of 2 ATP molecule -happens in the cytoplasm |
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NAD+?
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-accepts a pair of high-energy electrons
-helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell |
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NADH?
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-holds the electron until they can be tranferred to other molecules
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fermentation?
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releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen
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alcoholic fermentation?
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-produces carbon dioxide & alocohol
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lactic acid fermentation?
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-produced in ur muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues
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Kred Cycle?
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-pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
-happens in mitochondrion |
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electron transport?
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-uses high-energy electrons from the kreb cycle to convert ADP into ATP
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what are the similarities and differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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photosynthesis: -deposits energy
-removes carbon dioxide cellular respiration:-withdraws energy -puts carbon dioxide back their equations are reversed |
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what problem does cell growth cause for cells?
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-movement in and out of the cell
-protein or nutrtients into the cell -waste out of the cell |
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what increases more rapidly, the volume or surface area?
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volume
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cell division?
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-process by which a cell divides into 2 daughter cells
-before cell division, the cell replicates its DNA |
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What are the main events of the cell cycle?
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-G1 phase- cell growth
-S phase- DNA replication -G2 phase- preparation for mitosis -M phase- cell division |
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chromatids?
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when they become visible at the beginning of cell division , each chromosome consists of 2 identical "sister chromatids"
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centromeres?
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-chromatids are attached here
- usually located at the middle |
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how many chromosomes do people have?
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46
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interpahse?
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once cell division after another separated by an in-between period of growth
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cell cycle?
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-cell grows
-prepares for division -and divideds forming 2 daughter cells this process will then start over again |
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What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
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1.prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles seperate, spindle begins to form & nuclear membrane breaks down
2.metaphase: chromosomes line up at center of the cell, each is connected to a spindle fiber at its centrmere 3.anaphase: sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes & are moved apart 4.telophase: chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes, 2 new nuclear membranes form |
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cytokinesis?
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division of the cytoplasm itself and usually occurs the same time as telophase
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what is a defect gene?
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P 53
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How is the cell cycle regulated?
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-internal regulators- ex:cyclins
-external regulators-stimulate growth. when cells come in contact with eachother they stop growing |
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cyclins?
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regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
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how are cancer cells different from other cells?
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do not respond to signals that regulate the growth of most cells. as a result they form masses of cells called tumors that can damage the surrounding tissues
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what role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
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oxygen accepts the low energy electrons that form H2O
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fermentation & Kreb Cycle?
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fermentation:lack of oxygen
Kreb cycle: has oxygen |
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what is not a stage of cellular respiration?
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fermentation
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what are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
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oxygen and glucose
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what does the conversion of pryuvic acid into lactic acid require?
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NADH
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during one turn what does the kreb cycle produce?
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electron carriers
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what passes high energy electrons into the electron transport chain?
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NADH and FADH2
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lipids and proteins?
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lipids: beta oxidation
proteins:deamination |
