Bio 234 Microbiology Exam 1 Prep

Front 1

Isotopes

Back 1

Atoms with the same # of protons but different # in neutrons.no

Front 2

Non polar Covalent Bond

Back 2

This kind of molecular bond occurs with the equal sharing of electrons

Front 3

Polar Covalent Bonds

Back 3

This kind of molecular bond is when there is unequal sharing of electrons.

Front 4

Ionic bonds

Back 4

This kind of molecular bond occurs when two atoms bond with their opposite charges.

Front 5

-synthesis
-Decomposition
-exchange

Back 5

What are the 3 biochemical reactions that occur in organisms?

Front 6

Synthesis

Back 6

This biochemical rxn is anabolic, and it's when a reactant is added to another reactant to make a product. Also endothermic.

Front 7

Decomposition

Back 7

The reverse of synthesis and releases energy (exothermic)
Plus catabolic, a reactant breaks up into products.

Front 8

Exchange

Back 8

This is the combo of an anabolic and catabolic rxn, synthesis and decomposition.

Front 9

-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-carbohydrates

Back 9

What are the 4 organic macromolecules?

Front 10

Lipids

Back 10

This diverse group of macromolecules are hydrophobic in water, and composed mostly of C-H

Front 11

-fats
-phospholipids
-waxes
-steroids

Back 11

What are the four types of lipids?

Front 12

Glycerol

Back 12

Fats(triglycerides) are 3 fatty molecules linked to a ________ tail.

Front 13

Glycerol

Back 13

Fats(triglycerides) are 3 fatty molecules linked to a ________ tail.

Front 14

Phospholipids

Back 14

2 fatty acid chains, plus PO4 added. This kind of fat makes up the outer membranes of cells. The tail portion is non polar, hydrophobic and the head portion is hydrophilic.

Front 15

Waxes

Back 15

This type of fat is completely water insoluble.

Front 16

Tertiary

Back 16

The third protein structure where polypeptides fold into 3D shapes, designed to accomplish the function of the protein.

Front 17

-pH change
-salt concentration
-heat

Back 17

What are the three things that can interfere with protein tertiary structure?

Front 18

- (PO4)3-
-pentose sugar
-nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T,U)

Back 18

A nucleotide is made up of 3 parts.

Front 19

D (DNA)

Back 19

A G C T bases belongs
to __NA

Front 20

RNA

Back 20

A G C U nitrogenous bases belong to __NA.

Front 21

(C, O, H N)

Back 21

What are the most common nutrients for an organism to supply their nutrient needs?

Front 22

Steriouds

Back 22

This fat plays many roles in human metabolism, like hormones or cholesterol to provide the flexibility among the membranes of cells.

Front 23

Polymer

Back 23

Monomers joined together?

Front 24

Monosaccharide

Back 24

This is a simple carbohydrate.

Front 25

Disaccharides

Back 25

2 monosaccharides together

Front 26

Polysaccharides

Back 26

Many monosaccharides Together!

Front 27

1) provides
Structure for cell walls, flagella, hair, nails, etc
2) acts as an enzyme
3)Transportation in and out of cells
4) Regulation
5)defense and offense-create antibodies

Back 27

Name the 5 functions of protein, the most complex organic compound.

Front 28

Amino acids

Back 28

Proteins are polymers composed of monomers called _____?

Front 29

Primary

Back 29

The first level of protein structure, with a sequence of amino acids

Front 30

Secondary

Back 30

The 2nd level of structure where polypeptides fold or coil.

Front 31

Growth

Back 31

This always refers to an increase size in population for bacteria

Front 32

Phototrophic

Back 32

Organisms that use light as their energy source

Front 33

Autotrophs

Back 33

Organisms that utilize an inorganic source of CO2 as their sole source. "Feed themselves".

Front 34

O2 is essential

Back 34

For obligate aerobes, oxygen is considered a/an _________ for them.

Front 35

Toxin

Back 35

For obligate anaerobes, oxygen is considered a _______?

Front 36

Singlet O

Back 36

A reactive oxidizing agent.

Hint 36

Here are 4 toxic forms of O2

Front 37

Singlet O

Back 37

A reactive oxidizing agent.

Hint 37

Here are 4 toxic forms of O2

Front 38

Superoxide radical

Back 38

This toxic form is so reactive and toxic, need enzymes

Front 39

Peroxide anion

Back 39

This makes hydrogen peroxide an anti microbial agent

Front 40

Hydroxyl radical

Back 40

This toxic form of oxygen results from ionizing radiation and is considered the most reactive of the 4 toxic forms of O2.

Front 41

Anabolism

Back 41

Nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient. What reaction halts when there is lack of N?

Front 42

1) NAD
2) NADP
3) FAD

Back 42

The three important electron carriers are.....

Hint 42

Metabolism

Front 43

1) substrate
2) oxidative phosphorylation
3) photo phosphorylation

Back 43

Cells phosphorylate ADP into ATP in 3 ways.

Front 44

-Hydrolyses
-isomers
-ligases
-lyases
-Oxidoreductases
Transferases

Back 44

The six categories of enzymes.

Hint 44

HILLOT

Front 45

Make DNA

Back 45

Ligases do what?

Front 46

Transfer amino acids

Back 46

Transferases do what?

Front 47

Glucose

Back 47

The primary energy source for anabolic reactions

Front 48

Glucolysis

Back 48

glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid.

Front 49

The cytoplasm

Back 49

Glycolysis occurs where in the cell?

Front 50

1-energy investment stage
2-lysis stage
3-energy conserving stage

Back 50

The 3 stages of glycolysis is....

Front 51

Cellular respiration

Back 51

This type of glucose metabolism takes the pyruvic acid and oxidize it to make ATP

Front 52

Optimum growth

Back 52

The temperature at which an organisms metabolic activity produces the highest rates.

Front 53

Fermentation

Back 53

This kind of glucose metabolism creates a constant source of NAD+ which cannot be obtained in the Karens cycle or glycolysis alone

Front 54

Proteases

Back 54

This enzyme breaks down protein into smaller sizes to become amino acids.

Front 55

Chlorophylls

Back 55

In photosynthesis, light is captured by_______

Front 56

1) destroy the cell wall
2) Damage to proteins and nucleic acids

Back 56

2 requirements to kill cells

Front 57

G

Back 57

G

Front 58

Psychophiles

Back 58

Grow best at below 15 Celsius.

Front 59

Mesophilesther

Back 59

Grow best at 20-40 degrees Celsius. Often human pathogens.

Front 60

Thermopiles

Back 60

Above 45 degrees cels. Like in hot springs.

Front 61

Hyperthermophiles

Back 61

In water, above 80 cels

Front 62

Barophiles

Back 62

These prokaryotes dwell in deep oceans and trenches under tremendous pressure.

Front 63

Higher

Back 63

The shorter the wavelength, the__________the magnification needed.

Hint 63

Higher/lower

Front 64

Pink

Back 64

In a gram stain, a negative result would mean the specimen/culture is the color______

Front 65

Purple

Back 65

A positive gram stain is what color?