Bio 231 @ Oit - Lecture 1 Quizes

Front 1

How does gross anatomy differ from microscopic anatomy?

Back 1

Also known as macroscopic anatomy, gross anatomy is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Front 2

Who is considered as the “father” of modern anatomy?

Back 2

The Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius

Front 3

How does anatomy differ from physiology?

Back 3

Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Physiology concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Front 4

What is the value of knowing the physiology of a system? (think clinical).

Back 4

Knowing the physiology of a system allows you to make predictions or manipulate normal physiological function

Front 5

The disease process typically begins at which level of organization?

Back 5

The disease process typically disrupts normal function first either at the molecular or cellular level.

Front 6

Which characteristic of life is not essential for the survival the individual?

Back 6

Reproduction

Front 7

What is the definition of homeostasis?

Back 7

The maintenance of a stable internal environment when confronted with a changing external environment. The organ systems monitor internal environment conditions, any fluctuation above or below an established “set point” will trigger physiological events to restore conditions back to normal. Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis; this is accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems. Regardless of the factor or event being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components: some type of sensory receptor, a control center, and the effector organ. An increase in blood pressure is detected within the carotid artery by baroreceptors which respond to variations in pressure exerted on the arterial wall. This sensory receptor relays this information through a sensory neuron to a control center or integration site. The integration site is where the decision-making process is located. Adjustments to the current conditions of high blood pressure are initiated at this site (medulla oblongata) and transmitted by a motor neuron. The motor neuron will innervate the appropriate effector organ; in this example the S.A. node and ventricular myocardium to reduce heart rate and decrease the strength of ventricular contraction thus bring the blood pressure back within normal ranges.

Front 8

In terms of homeostasis, explain the roles of sensory receptor, control
center, and effector.

Back 8

The maintenance of a stable internal environment when confronted with a changing external environment. The organ systems monitor internal environment conditions, any fluctuation above or below an established “set point” will trigger physiological events to restore conditions back to normal. Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis; this is accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems. Regardless of the factor or event being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components: some type of sensory receptor, a control center, and the effector organ. An increase in blood pressure is detected within the carotid artery by baroreceptors which respond to variations in pressure exerted on the arterial wall. This sensory receptor relays this information through a sensory neuron to a control center or integration site. The integration site is where the decision-making process is located. Adjustments to the current conditions of high blood pressure are initiated at this site (medulla oblongata) and transmitted by a motor neuron. The motor neuron will innervate the appropriate effector organ; in this example the S.A. node and ventricular myocardium to reduce heart rate and decrease the strength of ventricular contraction thus bring the blood pressure back within normal ranges.

Front 9

Why are the phosphate groups associated with the cell membrane
considered polar molecules?

Back 9

Chemically the phospholipid is composed of a phosphate group (head) which is a polar molecule, opposite ends of this molecule are charged (+ and -). Associated with phosphate head are two fatty acid tails; the tails are non-polar molecules, they carry no electrical charge. The presence and absence of an electrical charge is responsible for the orientation of the lipid bilayer when placed in an aqueous environment. The polar heads will interact with other substances which also have an electrical charge. The terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic defines a molecules interaction with water molecules. A water molecule is also a polar molecule and will interact with the polar phosphate heads.

Front 10

The cell membrane separates the intracellular environment from
the__________________ environment.

Back 10

extracellular

Front 11

The absence of a nucleus and organelles best describes this cell type.

Back 11

Prokaryotic

Front 12

What type molecules are able to pass through the cell membrane
without the assistance of a membrane protein?

Back 12

Only small molecules with no electrical charge or lipid soluble molecules (no charge, no repulsion) are able to enter the cell.

Front 13

What term is applied to an atom which has either lost or gained an
electron?

Back 13

Electrically neutral

Front 14

Why are membrane proteins necessary?

Back 14

Embedded within the plasma membrane are thousands of membrane proteins.
Membrane proteins can extend from one side of the membrane to the other, these are called transmembrane proteins. The second type of membrane proteins are called peripheral proteins, these are located either on the cell’s external or internal surface.
Membrane proteins have numerous functions which include acting as; receptors, ion channels, enzymes, transporters, and cellular recognition.

Front 15

A neurotransmitter will bind to what type of membrane protein?

Back 15

Receptors respond to specific chemical signals, either a neurotransmitter or hormone. Binding to a receptor may open an ion channel or initiate various intracellular events.

Front 16

The Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius is noted for:
a. Creative methods for procuring anatomical specimens.
b. Illegal dissections on humans.
c. Detailed dissections.
d. Anatomical drawings based on human cadavers.
e. All of the above.

Back 16

e. All of the above.

Front 17

This area of anatomy that deals with the study of tissues is called:
a. Embryology
b. Cytology
c. Cryptology
d. Histology
e. Paleontology

Back 17

d. Histology

Front 18

Which of the following statements best describes physiology?
a. A physical description of an anatomical structure.
b. The developmental process from zygote to embryo.
c. Describe the physical and chemical processes which direct the body's activity
d. The relationship between man and his environment.
e. The five stages of human decoposition.

Back 18

c. Describe the physical and chemical processes which direct the body's activity.

Front 19

Beginning with the molecule (molecular level) which is the correct sequence?
a. Atom, cell, system, and tissue.
b. Cell, tissue, organ, and organ system.
c. Tissue, organ system, organ, and organism.
d. Organism, organ system, organ, and tissue.
e. Atom, molecule, tissue, cell, and organ.

Back 19

b. Cell, tissue, organ, and organ system.

Front 20

"The maintenance of a stable internal environment when confronted with a changing external envionment." This statement describes:
a. Homeostasis.
b. Microscopic anatomy
c. Gross anatomy
d. Pathophysiology
e. Kinesiology

Back 20

a. Homeostasis

Front 21

Which of the following characteristic used to define life is delayed for several years in humans?
a. Metabolism.
b. Responsiveness
c. Organization
d. Growth and development
e. Reproduction

Back 21

e. Reproduction

Front 22

If you understand the physiology of any organ system, you can:
a. Understand the structural relationships of any body part
b. Identify individual cells and tissues
c. Describe the microscopic anatomy of individual organs
d. Make predictions or manipulate normal physiological function
e. Appreciate the concept of form and function

Back 22

d. Make predictions or manipulate normal physiological function

Front 23

Which of the following characteristics is not found in Eukaryotic cells?
a. Organelles
b. Nucleus
c. Circular DNA
d. Plasma membrane
e. Chromosomes

Back 23

c. Circular DNA

Front 24

Which statement best describes the plasma membrane?
a. An impermeable physical barrier
b. A phospholipid bilayer and associated membrane proteins
c. A semi-permeable barrier composed entirely of cholesterol
d. A permeable barrier which allow anything to pass through
e. A gelatin-lke matrix embedded with membrane proteins

Back 24

b. A phospholipid bilayer and associated membrane proteins

Front 25

The term hyrdophilic describes:
a. Something which has a strong attraction of water
b. An irrational fear of spiders
c. A deep passion for water sports
d. A phobia towards water
e. The inability to clear oil based paint with water

Back 25

a. Something which has a strong attraction of water

Front 26

The unequal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane creates:
a. A membrane potential
b. Homeostatic equilibrium
c. An action potential
d. Kinetic energy
e. A build-up of intracellular pressure

Back 26

a. A membrane potential

Front 27

Which term best defines an ion?
a. A neutral atom
b. An atom which has lost or gained an electron(s)
c. A molecule which possess a charge
d. The addition of an extra proton
e. The addition of a neutron within the nucleus

Back 27

b. An atom which has lost or gained an electron(s)

Front 28

The function of all proteins including membrane protein depends on:
a. The size of the protein
b. The electrical charge associated with the protein
c. The three-dimensional shape of the protein
d. The number of amino acids present
e.The location of the protein

Back 28

c. The three-dimensional shape of the protein

Front 29

Various ions such as sodium (Na+) or potassium (K+) enter the cell through:
a. Transport proteins
b. Peripheral proteins
c. Space between phospholipids
d. Specific ion channels
e. Enzymes

Back 29

a. Transport proteins

Front 30

Membrane proteins are:
a. Channels for ions
b. Transporters of large molecules
c. Enzymes for various digestive systems
d. Identification for the immune system
e. All are true statements

Back 30

e. All are true statements