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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anatomy
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Describes the physical appearance and the relationships between different structures (muscle attachment to bone)
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What are the two general approaches to teaching anatomy?
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The Regional approach e.g. head and neck or thoracic (Med schools do this) and the Systemic approach, examination of each individual system (skeletal, muscular, or nervous) (OIT uses this)
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Who is Andreas Vesalius?
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Born 1514, died 1564, considered the father of modern anatomy. He made detailed dissections and detailed illustrations based on human specimens. Those anatomical specimens were either unclaimed bodies, war dead, or executed criminals. He intentionally got himself locked out of the city at night to grab bodies from gallows, etc.
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What are the general subdisciplines of Anatomy?
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Developmental Anatomy
-- Embryology **adolecence, young adult, geriatrics also Microscopic Anatomy -- Cytology ** Cell biology -- Histology ** Tissues -- Pathology ** Disease processes |
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Define Physiology
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A discipline which attempts to explain the physical and chemical processes which direct the body's activity (muscle contraction)
Cascade of events: -- Begins with a stimulus (chemical or electrical) -- Results in depolarization -- Triggers interaction between contractile proteins -- Shortening of individual muscle cells |
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How is Physiology a predictive science?
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If you understand the physiology of a system you can make a prediction, and possibly incur control of said system.
- Acetylcholine binds to a receptor on the muscle cells and initiates contraction - What happens if: -- block the release of ACh -- block the receptor -- leave neurotransmitter in place |
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What is implied by the phrase "Form and Function?"
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The design or form of a structure will reflect the function It is difficult to discuss anatomical structure without including a discussion of the function.
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Outline the accepted structural levels of biological organization
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- Chemical (atomic and molecular)
- Cellular - Tissue (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous) *** Definition: Cells that have a similar shape and function - Organ (stomach, liver, or heart) - Organ system (digestive and cardiovascular) - Organism |
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What is the primary function of organ systems?
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The primary function of organ systems is to maintain and sustain life. Each is studied separately for ease of comprehension, but are interrelated. No individual organ system operates in isolation (knee jerk reflex).
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What five elements are required to fit the definition of life?
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- Organized - cells, tissues, organ, organ systems
- Metabolism - breakdown and synthesis reactions (protein <> amino acid) - Respond to a stimulus - internal or external. - Exhibits growth and development - single cell zygote to multicellular organism - Reproduces - maintain the species, delayed in humans (years) |
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What is homeostasis and what does it require?
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The maintenance of a stable internal environment when confronted with a changing external environment [Body temperature]
- The organ systems monitor and control the internal environment - Will require: -- Sensory receptor (PNS) -- Integration site (CNS) -- Effector organ (muscle of gland) |
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Define cell theory; who introduced it and when?
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All living things are composed of cells, cells are the fundamental units of organization for unicellular and multicellular organisms. The function/activity of the organism depends on the individual and collective function of its cells.
This theory was advanced in the 1830s by two German scientists; Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. |
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What are the three main parts of Eukaryotic cells and what are their functions?
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- The plasma membrane defines the cell, forms a semi-permeable barrier around the cell.
- The cytoplasm represents the intracellular fluid containing various organells responsible for the metabolism of the cell. - The nucleus directs the function of the cell through the process of protein synthesis. |
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Describe the Prokaryotic cell
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Represented by but not limited to bacteria, with a unique structure.
-- Cell wall -- No organelles -- Circular DNA -- Replication through binary fission |
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Describe the functions of a plasma membrane
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- Functions as a physical barrier.
- The presence of a plasma membrane creates intracellular and extracellular environments. - Results in the unequal distribution of materials across the membrane. - The unequal distribution of ions results in the membrane potential. |
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What is membrane potential?
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- The unequal distribution of ions results from the selective transport and diffusion of ions across the plasma membrane.
- The membrane potential becomes an important factor for the generation of action potentials, which is necessary for the normal operation of both muscle and nervous tissue. |
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Describe membrane structure
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- A double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
- The phospholipid molecule has a polar phosphate "head" that is charged and two nonpolar lipid "tails" that have no charge. - The polar heads are attracted to water, they are called hydrophilic, the nonpolar tails are rebelled by water, they are hydrophobic - This reaction to water is responsible for the orientation of the bilayer |
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What are the functions and type of membrane proteins?
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- Function as receptors, channels, enzymes, transport, or recognition
- Function dependent on 3-dimensional shape - Integral proteins -- Extend across the bilayer -- Form channels - Peripheral proteins -- Located on either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer |
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What are receptors and how do they work?
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- Membrane proteins with an exposed receptor site
- The chemical messenger can only attach to cells with that specific receptor. |
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What are the two types of channels and how do they differ?
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- Nongated ion channels are always open.
- Gated ion channels can be open or closed -- Ligand gated - open in response to small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins. -- Voltage gated - open when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane. |
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What are recognition proteins? Give an example
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- Allow cells to identify one another or other molecules
-- Immune response |
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How do receptors linked to channel proteins work?
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- Attachment of receptor-specific ligands (e.g., acetylcholine) to receptors causes change in shape of channel protein.
- Channel opens or closes. - Changes |
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How do enzymes work?
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- Will catalyze rections at outer/inner surface of plasma membrane e.g. cells of small intestine produce enzymes (brush border enzymes) aid in the digestion of dipeptides.
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How do carrier proteins work?
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- Carrier proteins: integral proteins transport substances across the cell membrane.
-- Have specific binding sites -- Protein changes shape to transport ions or molecules -- Facilitative transport |
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Describe the active and passive processes of membrane transport
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- Passive processes
-- No energy requirement -- Driving force is a concentration gradient --- Simple diffusion --- Facilitative diffusion - Active processes -- Requires energy -- Against concentration gradient -- Pump --- Active transport |
